18th and 19th century

• What was the continuity for the cause of diseasein the 18th and 19th century and previous

  miasma
• New theories for the cause of diseasein the 18th and 19th century

  - spontaneous generation

  - the germ theory

  - microbes
• What did the theory of spontaneous generation say

  Organisms and microbes (like mold on food) our produced by decaying matter.

  If these enter your body, you get ill
• Who invented the germ theory

  Louis Pasteur
• How was the germ theory discovered.

  what was discovered about germs

  investigating why milk turned sour

  - germs make the liquids turn sour

  - germs are in the air, as the bottle that was sealed did not turn sour

  - the germs die when the liquid is heated
• Who developed the germ theory further, by building on Louis pasteur's ideas

  Robert Koch
• What did Robert Koch discover and how

  Discovered microbes

  For example, in 1875 he discovered a particular microbes that caused Anthrax

  - dyed samples in agar jelly in a petri dish

  - observed how specific microbes cause different diseases
• What factors boosted ideas about the cause of disease in the 18th and 19th century

  - new technology

  > new microscopes are developed

  > petri dish invented

  - individuals

  > Louis Pasteur's germ theory. inspiring...

  > Koch's discoveries about microbes
• What factors limited the effect of the new ideas of the causes of disease in the 18th and 19th century

  - government do not accept germ theory, they only believe miasma

  - public are slow to accept new ideas
• Were there more or less hospitals in the 18th and 19th century than previously. why?

  More common as they were being funded by the rich and charity doctors
• How did hospitals progress during the 18th and 19th century

  - 18th century, hospitals are Crowded, had unspecialized wards and unclean

  - but, in 1853, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE becomes a nurse due to poor hospital conditions in the Crimean War

  She introduces...

  > separate wards for separate illnesses

  > encouraged cleanliness in the wards

  As a result, the death rate in Crimea, of people in hospitals when from 40%, to 2%!

  back home...

  - 'Nightingale school for nurses' set up

  - nursing becomes a respected occupation

  - hospitals are also cleaner and have separate wards
• What was the effect of nightingale's new schemes in the hospitals in Crimea (statistic)

  the death rate in Crimea of people in hospitals when from 40%, to 2%!
• What were the issues with surgery in the 18th century

  - pain many died from shock

  - infection many died from infection during the procedure and after

  - blood loss many died from blood loss
• Who discovered the first antiseptic

  Joseph Lister
• Who discovered the first anaesthetic

  James Simpson
• What was the first antiseptic and how was it discovered

  Carbolic acid, discovered by Joseph Lister

  carbolic acid pumped into the air and on bandages to stop infection
• Why were people slow to accept Lister's new antiseptic

  It made the skin sore

  The public didn't really believe the germ theory so didn't believe that it worked

  Although it was thought to stop germs, there was no proof of why it worked
• What was the first anaesthetic and how was it discovered

  Chloroform discovered by James Simpson

  Him and his fellow scientists inhailed it before a meal, and passed out
• What were the effects of the discovery of chloroform

  good

  - could make surgery longer

  - Queen Victoria uses it during childbirth, increasing its popularity

  .

  bad

  - sometimes the longer surgeries led to more death, as there was more blood loss and more chance of infection

  - easy to overdose and die any way
• What were the new ideas of preventing disease in 18th and 19th century

  - Vaccines Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur

  - gouvernment intervention

  smalpox vacines compolsary public health acts one and two
• How was the first vaccine developed, and what was it a vaccine for

  Smallpox

  - Jenna injects COWpox pus into a child, who is mildly ill

  - a few weeks later, the child is injected with SMALLpox, and doesn't get ill

  - a few months later, injected with smallpox again and he doesn't get ill

  .

  Jenner repeats the process and calls it vaccination
• What did people do before vaccinations in the 18th and 19th century to prevent illness

  Inoculations

  Science behind it was unknown, but involved SMALLpox pus, not COWpox, so was more dangerous and very expensive
• Effect of the smallpox vaccination, long and short term.

  why short term effect was limited...

  - Royal Society and others are skeptical

  - inoculations are making a lot of money

  - no one knows why they work

  .

  Significant long-term effect...

  - GOUVERNMENT INTERVENTION

  > from 1840, the government pay for children's smallpox vaccinations

  > Vaccines for smallpox are compulsory. This result in, by 1900, the death rate of smallpox dropped from 1000 people per million, to almost 0.
• When did the government make smallpox vaccinations mandatory

  1853
• What was the effect of compulsory small box of vaccinations. (includes statistic)

  by 1900, the death rate of smallpox dropped from 1000 people per million, to almost 0.
• Who discovered the second vaccine

  Louis Pasteur
• What was the second vaccine for, and how was its different

  Louis Pasteur discovers exposing the CHICKEN CHOLERA microbes to air makes it weaker, but still has the same effect.
• 2 ways How did the government try to prevent disease in terms of vaccines

  1. Funding scientists like Louis Pasteur to discover new Vaccines

  2. Making the smallpox vaccine compulsory in 1853, and paying for children's Vaccines from 1840
• Two ways in which the government helped to prevent disease, not to do with Vaccines

  The FIRST PUBLIC HEALTH ACT 1848

  - encouraged towns to have sanitary conditions and water and set up a body for local councils cleanliness

  however, this wasn't compulsory, so many people ignore it

  .

  SECOND PUBLIC HEALTH ACT 1875

  Makes it compulsory for towns to have...

  - clean water

  - sewers

  - binmen

  - clean public toilets

  - employed medical offices and sanitary inspectors
• When was the first public Health Act

  1848
• When was the second public Health Act

  1875
• When was the cholera outbreak in London

  1854
• Who worked out the cause of the cholera Outbreak

  Dr John Snow
• What did the government and the people believe was causing cholera

  Miasma
• What did Dr John Snow do to discover the cause of cholera

  1. Marked all victims on a map

  2. Notice there were around the Broad Street pump

  3. Confirmed people who were infected got their water from the Broad Street pump

  4. Removed the handle from the pump. The cases stopped

  5. Pitched the findings to the government, but they ignored him and didn't want to be seen as wrong