g9 bio test final

• Mutation


  Error/mistake in the DNA base sequence that leads to variations
• From DNA to hemoglobin protein molecule

  A base has been subsituted during DNA replication 1. mRNA transcribes the mutation

  2. Ribosome reads code of mutated mRNA

  3. Ribosome creates a different protein

  4. Red blood cell contains abnormal hemoglobin

  5. Abnormal hemoglobin causes sickle cell disease
• Natural selection


  Process where an organism with an advantageous trait for the environment adapts and survives to pass the traits to its offspring
• Variation in DNA sequence

  • Leads to variation in mRNA sequence
  • Leads to different amino acid
  • Makes a different protein
• This is the DNA helix structure with 2 strands

  b.) A section thats called the gene

  c.) Here the DNA strands separate/unzip with an enzyme RNA polymerase

  d.)The rna polymerase then uses DNA as a template to make messenger RNA

  E.) The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus. and travels through cytoplasm

  Translation

  F.) The messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome and the ribosome scans for the start codon AUG

  G.) The ribosome reaches the stop codon

  H.) The mRNA  strand leaves the ribosome

  I.) The protein is finally released

  
• Determine a sequence of amino acids using mRNA and the Genetic code

  1. Circle 1 codon(3 bases) on the mRNA strand
  2. Use the 3-letter codon to find the amino acid from the table
  3. Write 3-letter amino acids
• State with a reason if its RNA or DNA

  Rna has 1 sugar-phosphate backbone and DNA has 2 sugar-phosphate backbone.

  The base paring for RNA: A-U, C-G

  The base pairing for DNA: A-T, C-G
• draw structure of DNA with 4 nucleotides

  
• Why is sickle cell disease common in people of Afro-Caribbean origin but not so common in people of European origin.?

  The sickle cell disease is very common in Afro-Caribbean origin because there are a lot of cases of malaria all throughout africa and this sickle cell disease mutation can help fight against it. Because people survived against malaria, this mutation/trait was passed to the next generation increasing the number of sickle cell cases in africa. It is uncommon in Europe,because there are less cases of malaria which reduces the the number of people having sickle cell disease.
• Model 2 is correct because the yeast cell lets the polymerase transcribe the spider's DNA to turn it into mRNA. The ribosome then translates this mRNA strand into a protein

  
• Explain why 1 model is correct and the other isn't.

  .

  Model one is wrong because it states that the spider gene cannot be read by the yeast machine,but that's wrong because all DNA can be translated/read the same way