Deviance

• Creatine


  Builds size and strength in muscles, improves recovery of the ATP/PC system
• Caffeine


  Helps athletes train harder and longer, improves concentration
• Bicarbonate soda


  Buffers the effects of lactic acid
• Carbohydrate replenishment


  Increases energy (glycogen)
• Recovery formulas


  Speed up recovery and muscle growth
• Vitamins and minerals


  Vitamin B boosts energy and iron is good for oxygen supply
• Benefits of legal supplements

  • Maintain health and wellbeing
  • Build muscle and strength
  • Reduce injury
  • Help with weight control
• Drawbacks of legal supplements

  • Creates an unfair advantage
  • Creates social norm
  • Increased sugar content
  • Has unknown effects
  • Risk of contamination
  • Lack of testing
• Illegal drugs in sport

  • Anabolic steroids
  • Beta blockers
  • EPO
  • Diuretics
  • Human growth hormone (HGH)
• Anabolic steroids

  Increase muscle growth and aggression, increases recovery and repair
• Beta blockers

  Slows/controls heart rate and calms nerves
• EPO

  Stimulates production of red blood cells, increasing oxygen carrying capacity (same as blood doping)
• Diuretics


  Rapid weight loss and can be a masking agent for other drugs
• Human growth hormone (HGH)


  Improves power and strength
• Causes of drug use

  • Physiological
  • Psychological
  • Social
• Physiological causes


  Improve performance, to build muscle, increase red blood cells, to lose weight, to train harder and mask injury
• Psychological causes


  To steady nerves, to increase motivation and aggression
• Social causes


  Pressure to win, win at all costs attitude, belief everyone else is and copying poor role models
• Strategies to reduce drugs and doping

  • Stricter punishments
  • Improved testing
  • Education
  • Research/increased funding
  • Culture
• Stricter punishments


  Bans, loss of prize money and sponsorships
• Improved testing


  Random, more regular and out of season
• Education

  On health dangers and legal issues
• Research/increased funding

  Newer drug detection
• Culture


  Role models to encourage drug free sport, name and shame cheats
• Consequences of drug use

  • Performer
  • Sport
  • Society
• Consequences for performer

  Physiological/psychological health problems, punishment and negative reputation
• Consequences for sport

  Loss of sponsors, decreased participation and public support, false results/records
• Consequences for society

  Negative role models, could legalise/accept drugs and undermine value of sport
• Causes of violence


  • Player - provocation/retaliation, nature of game and weapons/kit
  • Spectator - alcohol/drugs, poor spectator provision, hooliganism, deindividualism/no responsibility
  • Both - importance of game/result and frustration
• Consequences of violence

  • Performer - punishment, injury, loss of sponsors and become a negative role model
  • Sport - decreased participation, decreased public interest/support, sport receives a bad name/profile, could initiate change in rules/laws
  • Society - bad behaviour could be copied and could indicate other social issues
• Strategies to reduce violence

  • Player - rule changes, punishment, education and emotional control
  • Spectator - stricter punishments, control of alcohol, improve spectator facilities and use of CCTV/increased police
• Gambling:

  Match fixing - playing a game to a partially or fully predetermined result.

  Spot betting - betting on individual events in a game.

  Bribery - giving of money for a dishonest advantage.

  Illegal sports betting - player betting on their own sport, using an unlicensed bookmaker.
• Evaluation of gambling:

  Performer - increased debt, increased addiction and health complications.

  Sport - increased money from sponsorships, increased excitement, leads to match fixing and false results.

  Society - increased debt.
• Strategies to reduce gambling:

  Laws/rules - prevent players/managers from betting on their own sports.

  Punishments - longer bans/higher fines for those caught.
• Commercialisation is when sport is used as a business to make a profit (golden triangle). Sport is seen as a commodity which is something that can be bought and sold to media/companies.
• Ways to make money through sport - ticket sales, sponsorship deals, selling media rights, selling merchandise and selling advertising slots/spaces.
• Factors leading to commercialisation - greater exposure to a variety of sport, worldwide performers and spectators, increase in sponsorship which aids professionalism, increased advertising, increased media presence in sport and increased TV/radio sports channels.
• Benefits of commercialisation:

  Performers - increased income/higher wages, increased status/fame and increased sponsorship/training.

  Sport - increased revenue/funding of sport, increased coverage/exposure of sport and globalised sport/increase in grassroots.

  Society - increased participation and increased positive role models/entertainment.

  Spectators - increased accessibility/facilities and increased media coverage.
• Drawbacks of commercialisation:

  Performers - increased pressure causing deviance and become commodities/billboards.

  Sport - loss of tradition/values and NGB’s have less control.

  Society - people prefer to spectate and economic benefits felt by few.

  Spectators - disruption/unwanted breaks, increased cost of tickets/subscriptions and unmatched ethics as spectators may disagree with the sponsors.
• Changes of sport coverage since 1980s

  • Written press - (this is reducing). Newspapers, columns/pages dedicated to sports. Magazines, sporting specialist magazines with subscriptions.
  • TV - Terrestrial (free to air), sport wasn't constantly available. Satellite, constant paid for access to sport. Pay per view, additional one off fee. Protected events, covered by free air channels.
  • Radio - Local and national, occasional sport mentions. Dedicated channels, sport is the only topic.
  • Internet - Websites, news/teams/NGB. Youtube, video clips. Social media, follow teams/stars. Live streaming, anywhere at any time. Multi media, read/listen/watch.