Challenges in an urbanising world

• Urbanisation is the increase in the percentage of people ĺiving in towns and cities causing them to grow
• Migration is the movement of a population from one place to another
• A mega city is a city with a population of over 10 million
• Issues if cities become overpopulated

  • Not much green area
  • Increase disease
  • Poor living conditions
  • Stress on services , health care, education, transport
  • Lack of formal jobs
  • Substandard housing
  • Informal settlements, slums
  • Lack of sanitation
  • Increased air pollution
  • Racism
• A primate city is a city that is so important within country that they dominant its economic, financial and politcal systems

  they also have at least twice the population of the country's next largest city
• Clark Fisher model ( pre industrial)

  Most jobs are in fishing , farming and mining
• Clark Fisher model( industrial)

  Manufacturing industry and towns grow rapidly

  Some tertiary employment
• Clark Fisher model ( Post industrial)

  Tertiary sector becomes most important demand for services
• Clark Fisher model ( later stage)

  Quaternary sector develops especially research and development
• Formal sector - jobs where people work for regular pay have employment rights and pay taxes
• Informal sector - unofficial work often without regular pay , employment rights or payment of taxes
• Suburbanisation- people who could afford to move out of the city centre to the new suburbs to the edge of the city where land was cheaper and air was cleaner
• De industrialisation - the industry in the city begins to decline. Often this is a result of technological change, failure to invest or competition from other countries
• Counter urbanisationtye movement of people from major cities to smaller settlements and natural areas located beyond the city
• Concentric model shows how cities grow outwards from an old centre and equally in all directions
• Host developed his model after the introduction of public transport
• Mumbai's site ( geographical location)

  Mumbai is in the maharashtra state of the western coast which is south of New Delhi and north of Sri Lanka. Mumbai borders the Arabian sea. Mumbai is tropical lying 19° north of the equator , this exposes thecjty to monsoons
• Mumbai situation

  It borders Arabian sea which allows it to trade with many countries world wide. Its harbour is naturally deep so it is accessible to large modern container ships
• What makes Mumbai so economically powerful today

  • Increase population provides cheap labour
  • Colonialisation has left behind English language meaning India is able to trade
  • Independence allowed it to grow
• Challenges of life in Mumbai

  • Water supply
  • Pollution
  • Not enough food
  • Open sewge
  • Lack of formal employment
  • Lack of power
  • Sanitation and hygiene are poor
  • Lack of affordable housing
  • Increase in poverty
  • Overcrowded service
  • Bad working conditions
  • Overcrowded
  • Transport
  • Slum settlements
• Sustainable development is devevelopment þhat meets the needs of the present without compricomprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Vision Mumbai (top down )

  Investing $40 billion to improve Mumbai

  Building one million low cost homes and reducing slums

  Improving transport and infrastructure

  Advantage

  72 new trains

  New flats

  Piped water

  Improved air quality

  Disadvantages

  Rent cost more in slums

  Small business qnd work shops would have to move

  Many people prefer slums
• Mumbai monorail

  Build monorail to ease congestion

  Advantage

  Reduces emissions

  Governments have the authority to make big decisions affecting thousands of locals

  Disadvantages

  Tickets will be expensive

  Delayed on opening

  May not provide for peoples actual needs

  Mainly tourists use it
• Gorai garbage site closure

  Turned a garbage site into a green space

  Advantage

  House prices increased

  Air quality improves

  Mental wellbeing improves

  Only took two years

  Disadvantages

  Action should of been taken sooner

  The site had been polluting for 35 years
• Sparc block toilets

  Toilets blocks provided by sparc to give access to toilets

  Sparc is an Indian ngo that works with communities to build new toilet blocks connected to sewers and water supplies

  Very cheap - 25 rupees

  Provided 800 community blocks each containing 8 toilets
• Advantage and disadvantage of sparc

  • Provides jobs
  • Cheap
  • Provides basic sanitation
  • Safe
  • It should be government responsibility to provide public toilets not communities
  • People should not have to pay for basic human rights
• Hamara foundation

  This project provides social work services to street children to help them improve their health , education and job skills.

  It has provided vocational training for 16-18 year old

  Advantages

  Able to concentrate funding and expertise on addressing a particular problem

  Disadvantage

  Not enough kids being helped only 327 out of 200000