Urbanisation is the increase in the percentage of people ĺiving in towns and cities causing them to grow
Migration is the movement of a population from one place to another
A mega city is a city with a population of over 10 million
Issues if cities become overpopulated
Not much green area
Increase disease
Poor living conditions
Stress on services , health care, education, transport
Lack of formal jobs
Substandard housing
Informal settlements, slums
Lack of sanitation
Increased air pollution
Racism
A primate city is a city that is so important within country that they dominant its economic, financial and politcal systems
they also have at least twice the population of the country's next largest city
Clark Fisher model ( pre industrial)
Most jobs are in fishing , farming and mining
Clark Fisher model( industrial)
Manufacturing industry and towns grow rapidly
Some tertiary employment
Clark Fisher model ( Post industrial)
Tertiary sector becomes most important demand for services
Clark Fisher model ( later stage)
Quaternary sector develops especially research and development
Formal sector - jobs where people work for regular pay have employment rights and pay taxes
Informal sector - unofficial work often without regular pay , employment rights or payment of taxes
Suburbanisation- people who could afford to move out of the city centre to the new suburbs to the edge of the city where land was cheaper and air was cleaner
De industrialisation - the industry in the city begins to decline. Often this is a result of technological change, failure to invest or competition from other countries
Counter urbanisationtye movement of people from major cities to smaller settlements and natural areas located beyond the city
Concentric model shows how cities grow outwards from an old centre and equally in all directions
Host developed his model after the introduction of public transport
Mumbai's site ( geographical location)
Mumbai is in the maharashtra state of the western coast which is south of New Delhi and north of Sri Lanka. Mumbai borders the Arabian sea. Mumbai is tropical lying 19° north of the equator , this exposes thecjty to monsoons
Mumbai situation
It borders Arabian sea which allows it to trade with many countries world wide. Its harbour is naturally deep so it is accessible to large modern container ships
What makes Mumbai so economically powerful today
Increase population provides cheap labour
Colonialisation has left behind English language meaning India is able to trade
Independence allowed it to grow
Challenges of life in Mumbai
Water supply
Pollution
Not enough food
Open sewge
Lack of formal employment
Lack of power
Sanitation and hygiene are poor
Lack of affordable housing
Increase in poverty
Overcrowded service
Bad working conditions
Overcrowded
Transport
Slum settlements
Sustainable development is devevelopment þhat meets the needs of the present without compricomprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Vision Mumbai (top down )
Investing $40 billion to improve Mumbai
Building one million low cost homes and reducing slums
Improving transport and infrastructure
Advantage
72 new trains
New flats
Piped water
Improved air quality
Disadvantages
Rent cost more in slums
Small business qnd work shops would have to move
Many people prefer slums
Mumbai monorail
Build monorail to ease congestion
Advantage
Reduces emissions
Governments have the authority to make big decisions affecting thousands of locals
Disadvantages
Tickets will be expensive
Delayed on opening
May not provide for peoples actual needs
Mainly tourists use it
Gorai garbage site closure
Turned a garbage site into a green space
Advantage
House prices increased
Air quality improves
Mental wellbeing improves
Only took two years
Disadvantages
Action should of been taken sooner
The site had been polluting for 35 years
Sparc block toilets
Toilets blocks provided by sparc to give access to toilets
Sparc is an Indian ngo that works with communities to build new toilet blocks connected to sewers and water supplies
Very cheap - 25 rupees
Provided 800 community blocks each containing 8 toilets
Advantage and disadvantage of sparc
Provides jobs
Cheap
Provides basic sanitation
Safe
It should be government responsibility to provide public toilets not communities
People should not have to pay for basic human rights
Hamara foundation
This project provides social work services to street children to help them improve their health , education and job skills.
It has provided vocational training for 16-18 year old
Advantages
Able to concentrate funding and expertise on addressing a particular problem
Disadvantage
Not enough kids being helped only 327 out of 200000