Lesson 2

• According to Mitchell Roshong, 2019, leaders need to adapt their communication styles to be more dynamic in the digital age. The sharing of information, news or other reporting data is now in real time and global. Social media platforms improve concise external communication by following character limits that highlight key points with hashtags or key people with @ symbol.
• Intercultural communication refers to interaction with people from diverse cultures (Jandt, 1998).
• Forms of intercultural communication

  1. Interracial communication
  2. International communicati
  3. Intra-cultural communication
• Forms of intercultural communication

  Interracial communication - communicating with people from different races.
• Forms of intercultural communication

  International communication - communicating between representatives from different nations.
• Forms of intercultural communication

  Intra-cultural communication - interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture.

   
• Linguistic competence is an important part of intercultural communication. It requires understanding and perception of different cultures.
• Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder.
• Three main issues which are the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication

  1. Language barrier
  2. Cultural diversity
  3. Ethnocentrism
• Three main issues which are the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication

  Language barrier - a difficulty for people communicating because they speak a different

  language.
• Three main issues which are the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication

  Cultural diversity - a society made up of many different groups with different interests, skills, talents and needs. It also means that some members can have differing religious beliefs and sexual orientations.
• Three main issues which are the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication

  Ethnocentrism - is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture, a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own. Some of the most talked about issues include gender equality, political views, associated with specific cultures, observance of religious holidays and ethnic stereotyping.
•  If employees and management do not encourage cultural diversity, teams will be weak. When it works, diversity increases workplace

  productivity and profits.
• How to Improve Intercultural Communication Competence

  1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people.

  2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.

  3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world
• A communication portal is a service that allows individuals, businesses, schools and government agencies to share information from diverse sources using unified communications (UC) media. The most common modes are email, texting, voice-over IP (VoIP) and conventional telephone services.
• Features of a communication portal can

  include:

  1. call answering and disconnect

  2. call waiting and call holding

  3. caller identification

  4. capability for voice-enabled e-mail

  5. contact whitelisting and blacklisting

  6. ability to dial any number in a document or message

  7. dynamic contact availability and status displays

  8. automatically updated address book

  9. messaging shortcuts for favored contacts

  10. ability to set up and modify conference calls

  11. detailed messaging and contact histories

  12. compatibility with all popular Web browsers and among multiple service providers
• Advantages/Disadvantages of Using Social Media Platforms

  Advantages

  1.Can reach a large audience

  2. Direct connection with the audience

  3. Create organic content

  4. Access to paid advertising services

  5. Can build brand

  6. Drive traffic to your website

  7. Evaluate your performance

   
• Advantages/Disadvantages of Using Social Media Platforms

  Disadvantages

  1. Promote negative experiences such as inadequacy about your life or appearance

  2. Negative effect on teens like distracting them, disrupting their sleep, exposing them to bullying

  3. Rumor spreading

  4. Unrealistic views of other people's lives and peer pressure

  5. Link to unhealthy dispositions in life, feelings of envy, and less satisfaction with life

  6. Can lead to ADHD symptoms, depression, anxiety and sleep deprivation
• Fake news is quickly becoming an epidemic and has been playing a vital role in campaign, politics, influencing votes and dominating the media to a greater extent in our daily lives.
• How do we combat fake news?

  1. Consider the journalist or media - unless it is from a credible news source, be weary that the information could be fake.

  2. Research - check the citations and dates of research to ensure it’s from a reputable source

  and not outdated. It could have been true at some point, but if it is more than a few years old, the information could no longer be fact.

  3. Find the source – do not just Google it to see if the information is on other sites. Find sites like Snopes which is excellent at setting the record straight.
• Spoken language (sometimes called oral language) is a language which is spoken by people, used in conversations. It will have lots of phrases and incomplete sentences which are "understood in context". Mostly questions, answers, and short sentences/phrases which express an idea. It is produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language.
• Others refer to sign language as also "spoken" especially in contrast to its written transcriptions (in Braille). In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the context.
• Two different modes of language

  1. Spoken language
  2. Written language
• Written language - is the written form of communication which includes both reading and writing. It is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system
• Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will pick up spoken language or sign language by exposure even if they are not formally instructed.
• Varieties of Spoken and Written Language

  1. Varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global) our community.

  2. Varies in speaking and writing.

  3. Varies in everyday and specialized discourses.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

   Local everyday written - this may include instances of local everyday written usage foundin the neighborhood posters.

  Example - a poster looking for transients/bed spacers.

   
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Local everyday oral - this may occur in local communication among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of languages.

  Examples: Filipino dialects.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Local specialized written - An example of local specialized written usage can be found in the publications and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Local specialized oral - involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found. A specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Global everyday written - avoids local colloquialism to make the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Global everyday oral - may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Global specialized written - expands to as many readers internationally, hence the nonusage of local colloquial expressions, one example is in international research journal articles.
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  Global specialized oral - occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form. Example is in paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference.

   

   
• Eight different domains in which language varies:

  1. Local everyday written
  2. Local everyday oral
  3. Local specialized written
  4. Local specialized oral
  5. Global everyday written
  6. Global everyday oral
  7. Global specialized written
  8. Global specialized oral