rizal

• Dr. Jose Rizal received a summon from Governor-General Despujol


  July 6, 1892
• Rizal was confronted with a leaflet entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) written by Fr. Jacinto (Rizal's pen name in the Hong Telegraph) that inspectors allegedly found in the luggage of his sister, Lucia
• Governor-General ordered the arrest of Rizal
• Rizal was accompanied by Ramon Despujol, the younger brother of the Governor at Fort Santiago, where he was placed in detention and declared as "incommunicado"
• Rizal was ordered to board the S.S. Cebu bound for Dapitan
• Reasons given by Governor-General Despujol for Rizal's exile to Dapitan


  • Publication of books and proclamations that manifested his disloyalty to Spain and were anti-Catholic and anti-friar
  • The discovery of the pamphlet entitled "Poor Friars" which satirized the patience and humble generosity of the Filipinos and published accusations against the customs of the religious orders
  • His last novel, El Filibusterismo, was dedicated to the three Filipino friars
  • His end goal in his efforts and writings was to tear the Filipinos' holy Catholic faith
• Rizal in Dapitan


  • Physician - Rendered free medical services to the poor townsfolk
  • Farmer - Purchased 16 hectares of land in Talisay, Dapitan
  • Businessman - Had several business partnerships, sold shoes and socks
  • Teacher - Opened a community school
  • Scientist - Collected specimens of flora and fauna, sent to Ateneo and friends in Europe
  • Inventor - Invented a manual machine that could produce 6,000 bricks daily, discovered a formula for making bakhaw paste
  • Linguist - Studied the Bisaya language and compared Tagalog-Bisayan and Malayan languages
  • Artist - Produced various sculptures
  • Public servant - Took charge in the construction of a dam to provide clean water to local folks
• Rizal did not know Dr. Pio Valenzuela from Manila, who told him about the impending Philippine Revolution when he visited on July 1, 1896
• Rizal thought that fate was playing a bad joke on him, but he resigned to it. He saw the revolution in the Philippines rising in the dark and foreboding that however far he was from it, he would be implicated if he remained in the country
• Katipunan


  An organization that aimed to bring about the separation of the Philippines by violent means
• Rizal's advice to Dr. Pio Valenzuela and Andres Bonifacio


  • He approved of the resolutions of the Katipunan
  • He did not want a revolution without enough weapons and supplies
  • He urged that they should prepare and be careful in order for the Katipunan to remain undiscovered
  • He advised the Katipunan to convince Antonio Luna to direct the campaign
  • The Katipunan should attract wealthy Filipinos; if they refused, they should remain neutral
• Charges against Rizal


  • Founding illegal associations
  • Promoting or inducing the commission of rebellion
  • Being a native (Filipino) must be considered an aggravating circumstance, with no extenuating circumstances
• Rizal advised against the uprising and made Valenzuela seek amnesty from authorities, proving that he had no dealings with anyone regarding political affairs
• Rizal admitted that he framed the statutes of the La Liga, whose aim was to promote the commerce industry using cooperation, but added that La Liga was not a subversive organization, and it died at an early stage
• Rizal was 35 years old when he died with 8 bullets in his heart at 7:03 in the morning
• After Rizal's death, more and more provinces in the Philippines decided to fight, and the province of Tarlac declared its Cry of Tagumpay in January 1897 and attacked the Spaniards in the provincial capital
• Antonio Morga was a high-ranking Spanish official, soldier, lawyer, and historian who served in the Philippines for 43 years during the Spanish regime
• Morga published the book Successos de las Islas Filipinas in 1609, considered one of the most substantial works on Spain's early colonial history in the Philippines
• Morga noted the miserable conditions of the Spanish/Mexican soldiers due to corruption and an unfamiliar environment, and that many higher-ranking officials were leaving the colony after a few years
• Morga's historical accounts cover the politics, economy, and Philippine society from 1493 to 1603
• Reasons why Rizal decided to transcribe and annotate Morga's work

  • The book is objective
  • The book is sympathetic
  • The book is civil
  • The book is based on Morga's first-hand experience
• Objectives of Rizal in transcribing and annotating Morga's work


  • To enlighten the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding their glorious pre-colonial culture
  • To correct what had been distorted about the Philippines due to the Spanish conquest
  • To prove that the Filipinos were civilized even before the Spaniards came to the Philippines
• Rizal theorized that the Philippines is a country with an economically self-sufficient and prosperous social structure, and that the Spaniards' conquest and colonization significantly impacted the Philippines
• Rizal


  An earnest seeker of truth, which makes him a historian
• Rizal's objectives in transcribing and annotating Morga's work


  • To enlighten the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding their glorious pre-colonial culture
  • To correct what had been distorted about the Philippines due to the Spanish conquest
  • To prove that the Filipinos were civilized even before the Spaniards came to the Philippines
• Rizal's theory about the Philippines

  • The Philippines is a country with an economically self-sufficient and prosperous social structure
  • The Spaniards' conquest and colonization significantly destroyed the Philippines' rich tradition and culture
• Rizal's corrections


  • Early Government - Our forefathers in the pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative system
  • High Literacy Rate - The Spanish missionaries exploited baybayin and used it to translate their own goals
  • Early Artillery - Our ancestors were proficient in the art of war. In addition to hand weapons, Filipinos know how to use fire guns and cannons
  • Smooth Foreign Relations - Precolonial Filipinos had already established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far as the Middle East
  • Self-Sufficient - The Philippines' natural resources during the pre-colonial period were abundant and very sustainable. Our ancestors' ways of life are self-sustaining because they practiced direct appropriation in gathering resources. In distributing food resources, they practiced egalitarianism
  • Advanced Civilization - Contrary to the Spanish colonizers' perspective, ancient Filipinos did not have an inferior civilization. As mentioned above, we had our indigenous writing system. We were great boatbuilders and seafarers. Also, our ancestors had a defined political system and social structure
• Ferdinand Blumentritt's view


  Spaniards had to correct their erroneous conception of the Filipinos as children of limited intelligence
• Delusions of Spaniards about the Philippines

  • Filipinos were an inferior race
  • Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary representation and other reforms
  • Denial of equal rights can be compensated by the strict dispensation of justice
• Blumentritt critiqued Rizal for judging events in the context of contemporary ideas and more
• Blumentritt perceived that Rizal overreached his denunciation of Catholicism and should have confined his critiques to the religious orders who spared no effort to suppress calls for reform
• Blumentritt praised Rizal's work as scholarly and well-thought-out
• Blumentritt noted that Morga's Successos de Las Islas Filipinas was rare, and the few libraries that have it guard it with the same solitude as if it was the treasure of the Incas
• Noli Me Tangere


  • Rizal's masterpiece and his most significant contribution to the Philippines and the world
  • Rizal was firm in his conviction about the distinction between the Spanish government and the Spanish religious order in the Philippines, which led to the suffering of the Filipinos to become an oppressed people
• Noli Me Tangere was finished on February 21, 1887, and published in Germany by the publishing house Berliner Buchdruckerei-Action-Gessellschaft
• The book has 63 chapters, which Rizal wrote in different countries
• Rizal's friend Maximo Viola lent him Php. 300 to print the book (2,000 copies)
• Rizal feared that the novel might not be printed and that it would remain unread. He nearly threw the manuscript into the fire
• The original manuscript was then given to Viola as a token of appreciation
• Noli Me Tangere


  Rizal entitled the novel from John 20:13–17, "Touch me not for I am not yet ascended to my Father"