Organic chemistry

• Ionic compound

  Consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) held together by electrostatic attraction, usually made of metal + nonmetal(s), can be made of monatomic ions, polyatomic ions, or both
• Molecular compound

  Consist of nonmetal atoms bonded together by shared electrons (covalent bonding)
• Acid

  A molecular compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
• Monatomic ion

  Consist of a single atom
• Polyatomic ion

  Consist of more than one atom
• Monatomic cations

  • Metal atoms lose valence electrons to form positively charged ions
  • Groups IA, IIA, IIIA elements, silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) form only one type of ion
  • Transition metals and other metals that form more than one ion use the Stock system to name them
• Naming monatomic cations


  1. Element name + ion

  2. Element name (charge in Roman numerals) + ion
• Monatomic anion


  Nonmetal atoms gain valence electrons to form negatively charged ions
• Naming monatomic anions


  Element stem name + "ide" + ion
• Polyatomic ion

  Ions made up of more than one atom
• Writing chemical formulas given individual ions

  1. Compounds must be neutral, so total positive charge = total negative charge

  2. If two ions have exactly opposite charges, formula contains one of each

  3. If two ions have different charges, use crossover rule (superscript of cation becomes subscript of anion, superscript of anion becomes subscript of cation, simplify)
• Naming compounds from individual ions

  Name the cation and the anion, then remove "ion" from each name
• Naming compounds from individual ions

  • Na+ + Cl- → NaCl (sodium chloride)
  • K+ + CO3 2- → K2CO3 (potassium carbonate)
  • Fe3+ + NO3- → Fe(NO3)3 (iron(III) nitrate)
  • Ag+ + S2- → Ag2S (silver sulfide)
• Naming compounds from chemical formula

  If the metal is in Groups IA-IIIA, silver, cadmium, or zinc, just name the metal cation and the anion
• Fe(NO3)3


  iron (III) nitrate
• Ag+


  silver ion
• 1. 2


  sulfide ion
• Ag2S


  silver sulfide
• Combine each pair of ions to get the chemical formula, then name the compound


  1. Individual ions

  2. Compound Formula

  3. Compound Name
• Mg+2


  magnesium ion
• 1. 
     

  fluoride ion
• Naming compounds given the chemical formula

  1. If the metal is in Groups IA–IIIA, silver, cadmium, or zinc, then just name the metal cation and the anion

  2. If the metal can form more than one ion, a. Determine the charge on the cation using the charge on the anion, b. Name the cation and the anion, then remove "ion" from both, c. If a polyatomic ion is involved, remember that more than one polyatomic is shown in parentheses—i.e. DO NOT multiply the charge of the polyatomic ion with the subscript of the atoms in a polyatomic ion
• Writing chemical formulas given the compound name

  Get the individual ions from the name, then combine them using the crossover rule
• lithium cyanide
• iron (III) sulfate
• calcium iodide
• tin (IV) dichromate
• silver nitrite
• copper (II) acetate
• zinc carbonate
• lead (II) phosphide
• potassium sulfite
• cobalt (II) nitride
• nickel (II) permanganate
• Naming molecular compounds


  Indicate number of atoms of each element with Greek prefix before element name: For the first element: Greek prefix + element name, For the second element: Greek prefix + element name stem + "-ide"
• Determining formulas of molecular compounds

  Use Greek prefix(es) to determine number of atoms of each element in formula
• nitrogen trichloride
• dibromine heptaoxide
• dinitrogen pentasulfide
• Determining formulas and names of acids from ions


  Given an ion, we can get formula of acid by adding H atoms equal to negative charge on ion, and we can name for acid depending on suffix of ion name