Cold war

• when was the Yalta conference and what was agreed?

  February 1945

  -Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones, between USA, France, UK and USSR.

  -Germany to pay 20 billion reparations (and 1/2 will go to the Soviets).Because they got the poorest zone. Germany would also be reduced in size and demilitarised.

  -United nations was set up and its first meeting would be on 25th of April 1945 all nations could join.

  -Countries liberated from German control would be able to hold their own democratic elections and establish new leaders.
• what were the consequences of the Yalta conference?

  -Showed lack of agreement e.g. over reparation process Stalin wanted a more harsher approach and wanted to cripple Germany with high reparations

  -The disagreed over Poland. Stalin was not happy that individual soviet republics could not join the soviet union.

  -Within months of the conference Roosevelt died and Churchill lost he next election
• when was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?

  -1943

  -Modern day Iran

  -Britain and USA agreed to open a second front in western Europe

  -An international organisation would be created

  -Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan once Germany had been defeated

  -USSR gained islands located in the northern pacific such ocean such as kurile islands. They also gained land in parts of eastern Poland
• what were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?

  -very good and beneficial for the USSR

  -gain lots of land and a second front had been opened which they wanted.

  -USA Roosevelt felt that he could negotiate with Stalin and Stalin had also expressed that he was open to the idea of a united nations
• When as the Potsdam conference and what was agreed?


  July 1945

  -Germany would be demilitarised, and split into 4 zones and berlin too stalin would get east germany.

  -German economy would be run as a whole

  -Soviets would gain 1/4 of goods made in Western Europe in return for supplying food and coal.
• what were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?

  -lots of disagreements, it highlighted the differences between capitalism and communism

  -Stalin had gone against his agreement at yalta and had set up a communist government in poland

  -The soviet union had maintained a military presence in liberated eastern European countries which prevented the process of democratic elections in them
• when was the atomic bomb dropped, where and how many people died?

  -6th August 1945

  -Truman dropped it over Hiroshima and Nagasaki

  -over 120,000
• what were the consequences of the atomic bomb dropping?

  USSR saw the USA as a great danger to the world

  -Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone
• describe the first telegram sent out and when?

  -1946

  -Long telegram- Kennan sent a detailed telegram about the USSR's attitude towards the USA (that Stalin wanted disruption of (capitalism)
• what were the consequences of the Long telegram?

  -USA started 'containment'

  -which meant keeping communism in the USSR only
• describe the second telegram and when was it?

  -1946

  -Novikov telegram

  -sent by soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR

  -showed that America not afraid of war
• what were the consequences of the Novikov Telegram

  -USSR felt the need to occupy more land for safety
• What was the iron curtain speech?

  Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe is divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946 , behind it was USSR controlled countries. He made it clear that soviet union were a threat to freedom and peace, he also said he did not like how communist governments had been set up in Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• what were the consequences of the iron curtain speech

  It was said in the same year as the long and Novikov telegrams with the same message .This caused more tension between USA and Russia. Making the speech in the USA showed that the USA believed the same and that Churchill was on their side. It increased tensions between the two superpowers and led to both sides strengthening their forces against each other. It was an important speech because it made the divide between communism in the east and capitalism in the west a real idea, with the iron curtain being the line between the two.
• why were satellite states made?

  -barrier between Germany and USSR

  -showed power and strength

  -increase of communist influence
• name 5 satellite states and how/when

  -East Germany

  -Poland- 1947 as a communist government

  -Czechoslovakia- 1948 a communist government

  -Hungary - 1949

  -Romania- voted communist after intimidation
• What was the Truman Doctrine?

  -12th March 1947

  -Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism

  -promised 400 million dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey
• what followed the Truman Doctrine? describe it

  -Marshall plan- gave 17 billion dollars between 1948-52

  -economic aid to countries hit by war

  -offered money to satellite states, stalin refused
• What did Stalin call the Marshall Plan?


  -Dollar imperialism

  -he thought it was the USA trying to be more powerful and create American Empire in Europe
• what were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan

  -friendly Grand Alliance now gone

  -USA in direct opposition to USSR

  -Europe divided into Western and East
• What was Cominform? When?

  1947- every Eastern Europe country was to follow Stalin's ordered, every country would have a cominform office
• what was Comecon? When?

  -1949

  -no Eastern Europe country could take money from the USA

  -there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party took over all industries
• what were the consequences of comecon and cominform?

  -increased tensions

  -made divide greater
• what was the Berlin Crisis and when?

  -March 1948

  -USA , Britain and France united their zones in Trizonia

  -they created.a currency called Deutshmark
• what was the Berlin Blockade?

  -USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin

  -this stopped food and essentials reaching Trizonia
• when and what was the Berlin Airlift?

  -June 1948 to May 1949

  -America flew in food and resources instead

  -there was a risk the planes might have been shot but it didnt happen

  -over 1000 tonnes of food flown in

  -After a year, Stalin removed the blockade
• what were the consequences of the Berlin Airlift?

  -made Stalin look weak

  -West proved they could success peacefully

  -3 days after, USA, Britain and France officially united
• When and what was NATO?

  -1949

  -Western powers eg USA Britain France and 9 others united

  -from 1949 American troops stationed in Europe
• When and what was the Warsaw Pact?

  -1955

  -all of Satellite States, lead by the Soviet Union

  -promised supoort
• Describe the 6 stages of the arms race

  -atomic bomb 1945

  -1949 soviets made their own

  -1950 American Hydrogen Bomb

  -1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb

  -USA ballistic missiles

  -2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
• what occurred under Khrushchev's leadership?

  -he openly criticises Stalin, he suggests peace

  -the reasons as to why people had hope for peace:

  -war in Korea ended

  -both countries broke from arms race

  -Austria 1955 meeting had calmed tensions
• How did the Hungarian Uprising start?


  -Hungary didnt like Soviet control

  -they couldn't vote, food shortages, their leader was bruta;
• what were the consequences of these attitudes?

  -protested in Budapest

  -tore down statue of Stalin

  -Scoviets had lack of control
• how did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?

  -sent the red army to stop the riots

  -tried to please them with a new leader Imre Nagy
• what did Imre Nagy follow?

  -wanted voting and dictatorship

  -asked for political prisoners to be freed

  -asked Khrushchev to remove politocal troops
• what happened in November 1956 and the consequences?

  -Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact

  -Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy
• when and what was the soviet union invasion of Hungary?

  -4th November 1956

  -Khrushchev sent in the red army, Hungarians fought back abd America didnt help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk
• what were the short term consequences?

  -uprising failed

  -20,000 Soviet troops in Hungary

  -20.000 Hungarians killed

  -Nagy and his supporters executed
• what were the long term consequences?

  -Khrushchev seemed more powerful

  -new leader in Hungary

  -showed Eastern Europe that America wont help them, made the USA look weak
• what occurred in 1958?

  -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany

  -refugee problem