Class notes offical

• Hydrolysis requires water to be added and enzemes and energyto be released to break bonds between macomolecules.
• Dehydrolysis requires the removal of water, enzymes and energy
• Carbohydrates are a 1:2:1 ratio with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Monosaccharides are single sugars whih are very importnant for energy storage. Some examples of monosaccrides are glucose, fructose and galactose.
• Disaccharides are 2 sugars which are used for sugar transport and energy storage. Some examples of dissacharides are sucrose and maltose
• polysacharides are long chains of sugars which are used for energy storage. Examples of polysacharides are starch and glycogen. Plants use starch. Animals use glycogen
• Polysacharides are also used for structure support. Plants use cellulose. Animals use chitin.
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar eiather deoxyribose or ribose. A phosphate wich is formed by phosphodiester bonds and nitrogenous bases A,U,G,C,T
• Saturated fats are fatty cids that contain all C-H bonds. They are solid at room tempature. They are found in animal based foods. They also have a stright chain.
• Unsaturated fats are fatty acids that contain one or more c-c bonds. They are liquid at room tempature and are found in plants and fish. They have a bend chain.
• Phospholipids are made from a:

  Glycerol Backbone: A three-carbon alcohol which forms the foundation of the phospholipid molecule.

  Two Fatty Acid Chains: These are attached to the glycerol backbone. They are hydrophobic (water-repelling) and make up the tail of the phospholipid.

  Phosphate Group: This is linked to the glycerol backbone. It is hydrophilic (water-attracting) and forms the head of the phospholipid.
• Protiens are bonded by a peptide bond
• NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers for many cellular reactions
• Polypeptides are protiens that are made up of many amino acids. A peptide bind is a covalent bond.
• Deoxyribose has covalent and hydrogen bonds and the gentic infromation is carried in the sequence of nucleotides.