H-EC (Diet related health problems)

• Dietary Deficiencies

  • Occurs when the diet is lacking essential nutrients.

  e.g bowel disorders, osteoporosis, scurvy and anemia.
• Dietary Excesses

  • occurs when the diet contains too much of certain nutrients.

  e.g obesity, coronary disease, diabetes mellitus and dental disease.
• Factors that contribute to the occurrence of these disease(Diet related health problems)

  • Food
  • Age
  • Weight
  • Sex
  • Genetics
  • Stress & Lifestyle e.g smoking
• Dietary Deficiencies

  1. Bowel disorders

  • Bowel disorders include constipation, haemorhoids (piles), diverticular disease, bowel cancer & irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
  • They are becoming more common in western countries, as dietary fibre is lacking due to high consumption of refined carbohydrates.
• BOWEL DISORDER: Constipation

  • CAUSES: Lack of dietary fibre

  Insufficient water intake

  • SYMPTOMS: Stomach cramps
• BOWEL DISORDER: Haemorrhoids (piles)

  • Description: Swollen blood vessels are found inside or around the rectum & anus.
  • CAUSES: Lack of dietary fiber, Insufficient water intake
  • SYMPTOMS: Itchiness around the anus, pain and discomfort when passing out stool.
• BOWEL DISORDER: Diverticular disease

  • Description: Small pouches (diverticular) develop in the walls of the intestine.
  • CAUSES: Lack of dietary fiber, Insufficient water intake
  • SYMPTOMS: Pain and discomfort, Bloating.
• BOWEL DISORDER: Bowel cancer

  • DESCRIPTION: Starts as polyps (growths) on the bowel wall.
  • CAUSES: Lack of dietary fiber, Insufficient water intake.
  • SYMPTOMS: Bloating, Weight loss, Stomach cramps.
• BOWEL DISORDER: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

  • Description: The bowel has irregular muscle contractions (spasms)
  • CAUSES: The exact cause is unknown(it is often associated with a diet lacking in fiber)
  • SYMPTOMS: Stomach cramps, Bloating, Constipation.
• HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING BOWEL DISORDERS

  • Drink approximately two litres of water per day
  • Consume 5-7 portion of fruit and vegetables per day
  • Choose high-fibres breakfast cereals with a minimum of 3g of fibre per 100g e.g ALL BRAN
  • Include more peas, beans in dishes such as soups, stews
• Osteoporosis: Its a skeletal disease in which the bones become thin and porous due to a loss in bone mass.

  • This results in fragile & brittle bones
  • The main bones affected are the hips, spine and wrists.
  • It is the most common bone disease worldwide
• SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOPOROSIS

  1. Fragile and brittle bones
  2. Neck and back pain
  3. Loss of height (up to 15 cm) due to curvature of spine
  4. Curvature of the spine resulting in stooped position or hunching
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Heredity: If a persons family has genes responsible for decreased bone mass, risk of osteoporosis is increased.
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Exercise: Lack of weight-bearing exercise
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

  Age: Most prevalent in post-menopausal women (48-55 years), as the female hormone oestrogen decreases, reducing calcium absorption.
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Diet: Lack of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D can reduce strong, dense bone formation.
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Sex: Most prevalent in women, as they tend to have smaller thinner bones than men.
• HOW TO REUDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Consume a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus.
  • Avoid calcium absorption inhibitors, such as excess fibre and tannins
  • Participate in regular in regular weight-bearing exercise e.g jogging to strengthen bones.
  • Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
• PEAK BONE MASS

  • Up to 90% of bone mass is acquired by age 18 in women and by age 20 in men.
  • At this point, bones have reached their maximum strength and density, known as PEAK BONE MASS.
  • Given that a high peak bone mass reduces osteoporosis risk later in life, it is vital to invest in bone health at an early age.
• OBESITY:

  Obesity is a condition where an individuals weight is 20% or more over their recommended weight, based on their height.
• CAUSES OF OBESITY

  • Medications: taking steroids, antidepressants, anti-seizure and diabetes medications can cause weight gain.
• CAUSES OF OBESITY

  • Emotional or psychological issues: depression, stress, or low self esteem can cause people to turn food high in sugar and fat feel better, leading to weight gain.
• CAUSE OF OBESITY:

  • Lack of physical activity: inactivity causes energy provided by food to be stored as fat, as it is not burned, causing weight gain.
• CAUSE OF OBESITY:

  • Poor food choices: choosing excessive amount of foods high in sugar and fat can cause energy imbalance, leading to weight gains.
  • This choices may be made due to lack of education about healthy eating
• HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY

  • Infertility
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Coronary heart disease (CHD)
  • Arthritis: chronic inflammation of joints.
  • Sleep apnea: one or more pauses in breathing during sleep
  • Stroke
• TREATMENT OF OBESITY

  • Follow a balanced, low-calorie diet
  • Increase daily exercise
• DIETARY GUIDELINES TO REDUCE OBESITY

  • Ensure portion sizes are accurate
  • Eat a balanced low-calorie diet by following the food pyramid
  • Reduce intake of food high in saturated fat
  • Increase intake of fruit and vegetables
  • Grill, bake, steam or boil food instead of frying.
  • Avoid takeaway and processed foods as they are high in saturated fat and calories than home made equivalents
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

  • occurs when the walls of the coronary arteries narrow due to a build up of cholesterol.
  • the blockage or hardening of the arteries is called arteriosclerosis.
• EFFECTS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

  • angina: occurs when cholesterol builds up restricting blood supply causing lack of oxygen in the heart muscle which leads to shortness of breath & severe chest pains. emotional stress can trigger angina.
• EFFECTS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

  • heart attack: occurs when blood clot blocks blood flow and cuts off oxygen supply reaching the heart which can cause chest pain, shortness of breath.
• EFFECTS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

  • sudden cardiac death (scd)
• CHOLESTEROL:

  It is a soft, wax-like substance produced by the liver or obtained from foods high in saturated fat.
• CHOLESTEROL:

  Importance;

  • insulates nerve fibres
  • transports fat in the blood around the body
  • attaches to protein to create lipoproteins
• TYPES OF LIPOPROTEIN

  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): are found in saturated fat. They are harmful as they lead to build up of cholesterol along the coronary arteries increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.
  • high-density lipoproteins (HDLs): are found in unsaturated fat. They are beneficial as they help remove cholesterol from the blood reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
• RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE

  Controllable risk factors

  • Smoking: narrows blood vessels
  • Excessive alcohol consumption: increases the risk of blood clots
  • Lack of exercise: causes low-density lipoproteins to remain high
  • High cholesterol: narrows or blocks blood vessels
  • Obesity: strains the heart
  • High stress levels: trigger reduced blood flow to the heart

  Uncontrollable risk factors

  • Age: more prevalent in men over 45 and women over 55
  • Heredity: risk is increased if a person's next of kin is diagnosed
• Lifestyle guidelines to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

  • exercise regularly
  • reduce stress levels
  • do not smoke
  • avoid excessive alcohol consumption
• DIETARY GUIDELINES TO REDUCE THR RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

  • reduce intake of foods high in saturated fat
  • use unsaturated sources of fat
  • choose lean sources of protein
  • reduce salt intake
  • choose high fibre foods
  • choose functional foods
• DIABETES MELLITUS

  Its an endocrine disorder associated with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood.

  • This happens because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the insulin produced is ineffective
  • High concentration of glucose in the blood can result in: blindness or visual impairments, kidney failure.
• TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

  Type 1: Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD)

  • cannot be reversed
  • the pancreas does not produce insulin
• TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

  Type 1: Non-Insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD)

  • can be reversed when a person loses a significant amount of their body weight
  • the pancreas produces insulin that cannot be used by the body