Diseases defence and treatment

• What are microorganisms?

  Are microscopic organisms that can only be seeM by a microscope
• What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Viruses
  • Protists
• Ways micro-organisms can be beneficial to humans?

  • Gut bacteria aid in digestion of food
  • Skin flora compete with pathogens for resources
  • Reducing infection
• What do we call a microorganisms that cause disease?

  Pathogens
• What do viruses do inside are bodies?

  Reproduces in the cell
• What do bacteria release in our bodies that makes us feel ill?

  Toxins
• Bacteria

  Are single celled organisms that do not contain a nucles
• Structure of a membrane

  Diagram

  
• Structure of Virus

  Diagram

  
• Description of a Bacteria

  • Large
  • Single cell
  • Living
  • Reproduced for splitting
• Description of a Virus

  • Small
  • Protein Coat and Genetic Material
  • Not Living
  • Reproduce by invading hosts cell
• What Aseptic Techniques?

  To grow specific sample of bacteria this keeps other bacteria’s away and not to contaminate
• Why do we keep food in the fridge or freezer?

  It does not kill but slows down and prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi
• Why do we cook?

  It kills bacteria
• What is penicillin?

  It is a antibiotic from the mould that is used to treat bacterial infection
• Give some conditions that you need in the fermenter to help the Penicillin fungus grow

  • Nutrients going in
  • Sterile air supply
  • Temperature and pH
• What is Communicable disease?

  Are caused by pathogens that can be passed directly between individual in variety of ways

  • Direct skin to skin contact
  • Body fluids
  • Drinking contaminated water or food
• HIV/AIDS- Virus

  Transmission- Spread by infected bodily fluids

  Effects- It effects white blood cells of the immune system so over time a person is unable to fight infection

  Prevention- Use a condom and protected sex, needle exchange, Screening blood for HIV
• Chlamydia- Bacteria

  Transmission- Unprotected Sex

  Effects- May cause pain when urinating, abnormal discharge and can result in infertility

  Prevention- Use a condom and protected sex, Screening
• Malaria- Protist

  Transmission- By mosquitoes

  Effects- Flu like symptoms damage red blood cells, liver damage

  Prevention- Mosquito nets, Insect-Repellant, Antimalarial tablets
• Defence Mechanisms

  Body has 2 lines of defence against pathogens
• First line of the defence system

  It is called the non specific defences system which Prevents pathogens from entering the body e.g skin, blood clotting
• Second line of Defence Mechanism

  The immune system is the body defence against pathogens once they have entered the body. It is specific to each type of pathogens and aims to prevent or minimise disease
• White blood cells


  Pathogens are destroyed by white blood cells which have specialised receptors that can detect foreign pathogens
• What are the 2 types of White Blood Cells

  • Phagocytes which engulf and digest pathogens
  • Lymphocytes with secrete antibodies and antitoxins
• Antigens


  Molecules on surface of all cells that recognise by the immune system. They have unique antigens on surface. White blood cells have specialised receptors which detect foreign antigens and triggers immune system
• Antibodies

  Protein produced by lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens. Each antibody is specific to an antigen and binds to it. Antibodies cause pathogens to clump together, disabling them and facilitating ingestion by phagocytes
• Scabs

  The skin forms a barrier to stop pathogens from entering. However, if we have cut a blood clot form to seal the open skin to prevent entry to microbes
• Diagram of the Second line of defence

  Diagram

  
• Memory Cells

  Are lymphocytes that remain in the body after. A pathogen has been destroyed. They provide immunity
• Why are memory cell’s important?

  They remember what has been in the body. They remember the disease and create the right antibodies for the disease. Pathogens invade body and future memory cells remember to make correct antibodies to kill them that become immune to the disease
• Who invented the Vaccine

  Edward Jenner
• What is inside of a vaccine?

  Contains a dead/ weakened antigens of a pathogen
• Why are people vaccinated?

  Become immune (not becoming ill) to many different bacterial and viral condition
• The order of a Vaccine

  1. A vaccine contains dead/ inactive pathogen
  2. These inactive pathogens are injected
  3. The antigens in the vaccine stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies
  4. The antibodies destroy the pathogens and memory cells are produced
  5. The real pathogens invades your body
  6. Your memory white blood cells recognise the pathogens make antibodies quickly and in large numbers to destroy it before you are ill
• Why would some parents choose not to vaccinate

  • Concerns about a possible side effects
  • Religious or cultural objections
  • Not guaranteed to work
• What is Antibiotics?

  Are substances produced by living organisms that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
• Who discovered the first antibiotic penicillin

  Alexandra Flaming in 1928
• What is the problem with antibiotics

  Over prescription can lead to antibiotic resistance
• What are the rules of Antibiotic

  Must complete full core of medication. Do not share only use when necessary