UCSP

• SOCIAL-GROUP - consists of individuals who are united by their similar characteristics.
• SOCIAL-AGGREGATE - in this, individual gather in the same place but are neither interacting nor sharing similar characteristics.
• SOCIAL-NETWORKS - a social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees of relations and interrelationships.
• SOCIOGRAM- A visual representation of social networks present in one group or more.
• IN GROUP

  • is a social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to.
  • Members use titles, external symbols, and dress to distinguish themselves from out-group.  Members apply positive stereotypes to their in-group and negative stereotypes to out-group.
  • Members tend to clash or compete with member of the out-group.
• OUT GROUP

  • This is the group that an individual is not part of.
  • Negative attributes are usually associated with individuals who are not part of this group.
  • Individuals in this group are prone to being stereotyped worse dehumanized.
• PRIMARY-GROUPS

  • direct sources of an individual’s social skills and knowledge
• • SECONDARY-GROUPS
  • more formal in context as the relationships and interactions in them are limited to a particular role that an individual plays with group.
• Dyad - most cohesive and directly interacting small group
• Triad- has lesser personal cohesion because of the lesser personal connection that each individual has with other members in the group
• Social Loafing -a phenomenon of free riding, can also be experienced in large groups, as some individual tend to depend on others initiative to perform tasks that are originally expected of them
• CONFORMITY - The behavior of an individual that relates to following the prescribed norms of his/her group due to pressure of influence that members of the group have on him/her
• GROUP THINK - united acceptance and practice of idea that is believed as form of group loyalty
• EXPRESSIVE LEADER - motivated by the relationship that he or she has with the members of the group
• INSTRUMENTAL LEADER - implement directly style of management.
• FORMAL ORGANIZATION - these types of organization are driven by their goals that define their programs and activity
• Sir John-Bodin - French political philosopher who coined the term "political science"
• Social-Science - It is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. It includes matters concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies.
• Thus, political-science is a study of the state in the past, present and future; of political organization, political processes and political functions; of political institutions and political theories
• Aristotle is known as the Father of Political Science. He is famous for his statement “Man is a political animal” .
• The word politics derived from the Greek word ‘polis’, which means a city-state
• "I have never regarded politics as the arena of morals. It is the arena of interest.” Anuerin-Bevan
• “Politics is a fascinating game, because politics is government. It is the art ofgovernment.” HarryTruman
• Study of state-and-government - it deals with the nature and formation of the State and tries to understand various forms and functions of the government
• Study of associations-and-institutions - in organized way the fundamental problems of political science include, first, an investigation of the origin and the nature of the state, second an inquiry into the nature, history and forms of political institutions and third, deduction, therefore, so far as possible, of laws of political growth and development.
• Study of national-and international-problems - modern demands of defense of territory, representative government and national unity have made political science not only the science of political independence but that of state sovereignty also
• Study of political behavior of man - it may be said that the character of political science in all its parts is determined by its basic pre-supposition regarding man
• Study of the past, present and future of development - political science attempts to explain the meaning and the essential nature of the state and deals with the laws of its progress and development within itself and in relation to international organizations and other states
• Study of the concepts of power, authority & influence - with the behavioural revolution the central topic for study has become the study of power. Consequently, the scope has widened to include new aspects like political socialization, political culture, political development and informal structures like interest and pressure groups.
• Poilitical-Theory - It examines the contemporary application of political concepts such as human rights, equality, peace and justice.
• The global north includes the richest countries that have the most up to date technology and resources, -Some examples of countries in the global north are the USA, UK and China.
• whilst the global south are countries that usually have less resources and money, so therefore their citizens are more likely to suffer from poverty
• Political-behavior is the study of the way people think, feel, and act with regard to politics. This fields cover the attitudes, knowledge, and actions of an individual in response to political variables such as policies created by the government, behavior of politicians and general political environment
• Public-policy is what the government chooses to do (actual) or not do (implied) about a particular issue or problem
• Public-policy - It is the principled guide to action taken by the administration executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional custom
• Public-administration is a field in which leaders serve communities to advance the common good and effect positive change. Public administration professionals are equipped with skills to manage at all levels of government (local, state, and federal) as well as nonprofit organizations.
• Applied-Orientation - pervades all of its sub-disciplines as they all address contemporary on politics, ethics and governance
• Interdisciplinary-Orientation - as its uses the framework of other social science discipline to provide context to political phenomenon
• David-Easton - a Canadian-born American political scientist. He served as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago.One of the most influential political scientists in the second half of the last century
• Alfred-Boyer - Politics is the interaction between the civil society and the government in the activity of governance