Organisation B1

• What is the building block of all living organisms?

  Cells.
• What does a collection of a type specialised cells form?

  A tissue.
• What does a collection of different tissues working together form?

  An organ.
• What does a collection of organs working together form?

  An organ system.
• What does a collection of organ systems form?

  An organism.
• Why do enzymes have special shapes?

  So they can catalyse reactions
• Why do enzymes only usually catalyse one reaction?

  For an enzyme to work the substrate Hass to fit into its active site in the substrate doesn't match the enzymes active site then the reaction wont be catalyzed
• What is the lock and key theory?

  the lock and key theory states that an enzyme and corresponding active site work together they need to match for instance a protein is catalysés by a protease
• What enzyme breaks down starch?

  amylase
• What enzyme breaks down proteins?

  protease
• What enzyme breaks down fat?

  lipase
• What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

  Carbohydrase/amylase
• Give two examples of tissues and their roles.

  Muscular tissue that moves muscles to contract and expand, and glandular tissue that makes and secretes chemicals, and epithelial tissue that covers some organ parts like the inside of the gut.
• Give one example of an organ and which tissues it is made of.

  A stomach is made of muscular, glandular, and epithelial tissues.
• Give one example of an organ system and which organs it is made of.

  The digestive system is made of glands, the stomach, the small intestine, the liver, and the large intestine.
• What is a catalyst?


  A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing activation energy without being used up.
• What is an enzyme?

  A catalyst produced by a living organism.
• How is an enzyme formed

  A chain of amino acids tightly bound into a unique shape which gives you an active site
• What is a substrate?

  The substance that the enzyme acts on.
• What is the role of the active site?

  To hold the substrate during the reaction.
• How does increasing temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Speeds it up at first but too much can lead to denaturing in which the enzyme changes shape as its bonds break.
• What happens when an enzyme is denatured

  The long chains of protiens start to unravel which changes the shape of the active site so it no longer is able to work
• At what temperature do most enzymes begin to denature?

  About 40*C.
• What is the most common optimal pH for enzymes and what is one exception?

  pH 7. Pepsin works best in the stomach at pH 2.
• Fill in the gaps (1.1): Some —— catalyse the breakdown of starch to maltose.


  Enzymes.
• Fill in the gaps (1.2): It's easy to detect —— using iodine solution, as it turns blue-black.

  Starch.
• Fill in the gaps (1.3): To investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity, put a drop of —— solution into every well of a spotting tile.

  Iodine.
• Fill in the gaps (1.4): Use a —— burner to heat a beaker of water to about 35*C and retain that heat.

  Bunsen.
• Fill in the gaps (1.5): Add 1cm3 of —— and 1cm3 of buffer solution with a pH between 3 and 5 into a test tube and then place the tube in the water for five minutes.

  Amylase.
• How does one calculate the rate of reaction using a standardised formula?

  1000 / time taken.
• What is the role of digestive enzymes?

  To decompose large molecules into smaller ones.
• Fill in the gaps (1.6): Use a different syringe to add 5cm3 of —— solution to the boiling tube.

  Starch.
• Fill in the gaps (1.7): Mix the contents of the —— tube and start a stopwatch.


  Boiling.
• Fill in the gaps (1.8): Every 30 seconds, take a sample from the tube and place it in the —— tile until one well is browny-orange.

  Spotting.
• Fill in the gaps (1.9): Repeat this experiment with different pH values of —— solution and remember to control all other variables.

  Buffer.
• What does amylase break starch into?

  Maltose, glucose, and other sugars
• Where is amylase produced?

  Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine.
• What does protease break protein into?

  Amino acids.
• Where is protease produced?

  Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
• What does lipase break lipids into?

  Glycerol and fatty acids.