2. Native American culture of the Southwest

• Southwest


  Home to various indigenous groups, including the Pueblo people
• Pueblo people


  • Named by the Spanish
  • Lived in permanent stone-and-mud buildings in towns or villages
• Main Pueblo groups


  • Mogollon
  • Hohokam
  • Anasazi
• Anasazi (Ancestral Pueblos)


  Resided in the Four Corners region: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona
• Mogollon


  Resided in southwestern New Mexico
• Hohokam


  Resided in southern Arizona
• Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam existed

  200-1500 CE
• Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam evolved into the current Pueblos, Zuni, and Hopi tribes
• Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam


  • Were the first American farmers
  • Corn was the primary crop, significant in Pueblo creation stories and considered a spiritual gift
  • Developed complex irrigation systems to support agriculture, including a large system created by the Hohokam
  • This allowed for the addition of beans and squash to their diet
• Agriculture


  Led to societal development and stability, with surplus food enabling sedentary lifestyles in stone and adobe houses
• Chaco Canyon


  Was a central hub for the Anasazi people, with extensive roads and trade connections
• Navajos and Apaches


  • Arriving from the Pacific Northwest around 1200 CE
  • Maintained a hunting and gathering lifestyle
  • Their nomadic nature resulted in less permanent homes, like the Navajo's eastward-facing hogans
• Natural disasters like the drought of 1130-1180 CE and the flood of 1358


  • Proved devastating for the Pueblo society
  • This led to spiritual ceremonies praying for good weather and harvests
• Pueblo society


  • Was community-oriented, with both genders participating in agricultural processes
  • Women raised children and performed household tasks
  • Men would participate in an informal council to make community
• The Spanish encountered the remaining descendants of the Ancestral Pueblos

  Mid-1550s