ionic bonding

• IONS

  • IONS are atoms or groups of atoms that have LOST OR GAINED ELECTRONS and have a CHARGE.
  • Metals LOSE ELECTRONS to form POSITIVE IONS or CATIONS.
  • Non-metals GAIN ELECTRONS to form NEGATIVE IONS or ANIONS.
• How Ions Form


  TRANSFERRED between atoms to achieve a FULL OUTER SHELL. This makes them MORE STABLE.
• IONIC BONDING

  • This type of bonding occurs between a METAL and a NON-METAL.
  • IONIC BONDING involves the TRANSFER of electrons FROM a METAL atom TO a NON-METAL atom. 
  • The METAL atom LOSES electrons to become a POSITIVELY charged ion, while the NON-METAL atom GAINS those electrons to become a NEGATIVELY charged ion.
  • These ions are then STRONGLY attracted to each other by ELECTROSTATIC forces, creating an IONIC BOND.
• DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAMS:

  DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAMS represent the ARRANGEMENT of electrons in atoms or ions where each electron is symbolised by a dot or a cross. These diagrams show which atom the electrons originally came from.
• Ionic Compounds

  Metals and Non-Metals that combine with IONIC BONDING form IONIC COMPOUNDS.
• Ionic compounds are known for their GIANT IONIC LATTICE structure:

  This regular lattice consists of a 3D arrangement where ions are held together by strong ELECTROSTATIC FORCES of attraction in ALL DIRECTIONS.
• DOT + CROSS:

  AD:

  • simple and easy to draw
  • show electrons

  DIS:

  • don't show 3D arrangement of ions
  • don't show relative sizes of ions
• BALL AND STICK MODELS:

  AD:

  • show 3D arrangement of ions
  • easy to show how ions are arranged

  DIS:

  • can be difficult to draw complex structures
  • shows gaps between ions
  • don't show electrons
• 2-dimensional diagrams:

  AD:

  • simple and easy to draw

  DIS:

  can be difficult to interpret for complex structures

  • don't show 3D arrangement of ions
• 3-dimensional diagrams:

  AD:

  • show 3D arrangement of ions

  DIS:

  • can be difficult and time consuming to draw
  • may not show all ions in a large structure
  • don't show electrons