phonetic

• Study materials


  • What is Phonetics and Phonology
  • Sound production
  • Airstream mechanisms
  • The organ of speech
  • The organ of articulation
  • English consonant sounds
  • English vowel sounds
  • Suprasegmental sounds
  • Phonological processes: Assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, deletion, neutralization
• References


  • Dardjowidjojo, S. (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology for Indonesians (First). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor.
  • Jones, D. (1987). An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Roach, P. (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical course (Fourth). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2011). An Introduction to Language (9th ed.). Canada: Cengage.
  • Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sari, F. (2011). A Practical Guide to Understanding Basic English Phonetics and Phonology (1st ed.). Jakarta: Native Indonesia Press.
• Why do we have to study Phonetics and Phonology?
• Agreements for the course

  • Assignments 15%
  • Mid-test: 40%
  • Final test: 45%
  • No score from presences but you must fill in the presence link (as one of considerations)
• Areas of agreement to study sounds

  • Sounds in themselves are meaningless
  • But within the structure of a language, either alone or in combination with others, sounds can carry meaning
  • Each language has an 'inventory' of sounds, selected from the whole range possible human noises, which is (may be) different from the inventories of other languages
  • There are patterns in the organizations of phonic substance, which vary from language to language: constraint on the distribution of sounds, predictability of certain sounds in certain position
  • Two languages may have the same sounds types, but use them differently with respect to semantic distinctiveness
  • There are cases where sound distribution seems to be implicated in morphosyntactics structure
• There are limits to the number of sound types that can be used in human language
• There exists a reasonable phonetic taxonomy (classification), including such items as places of articulation, airstream, positions of the velum, states of the glottis, etc, which can be used to classify the sounds that occur in languages
• Only certain sounds that humans do make are 'linguistic': laughs, belches, grunts, shrieks, are not linguistic items (even if their use can carry meaning of a sort)
• Phonetics


  The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds
• Phonology


  The study how speech form patterns
• How do you produce speech sounds?

  1. Speech sounds are produced by modifying the respiratory system

  2. When speaking, the number of breaths per minute increases, with a shorter inspiration and longer expiration period

  3. Greater amount of air is expelled, with a gradual decrease in the volume of air and fairly constant pressure

  4. The air is often impeded at some points on its way out
• Speech sounds are produced by modifying the respiratory system
• When speaking, the number of breaths per minute increases, with a shorter inspiration and longer expiration period
• Greater amount of air is expelled, with a gradual decrease in the volume of air and fairly constant pressure
• While it is so, the air is often impeded at some points on its way out
• Read aloud the sentences

  • I am happy.
  • The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
  • My brother was studying when my father came from work.
  • "In the loveliest town of all, where the houses were white and high and the elms trees were green and higher than the houses, where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, where the streets sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, in this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla."
• What's happening when we are speaking?

  1. The air is expelled from the lungs by a downward movement of the ribs and upward movement of the diaphragm using the intercostal muscles

  2. The air travels to the bronchial tubes, to the trachea, or 'windpipe', and through out the larynx, or 'Adam's apple'

  3. Then the air moves into the vocal tract
• Airstream mechanism


  • egressive
  • ingressive
  • glottalic
  • velaric
  • ejectives
  • pulmonics
  • clicks
  • implossives
• Pulmonic


  Refers to the use of the lungs as the power source. The air in the lung is pushed out.
• Ejective


  When the air in the mouth is pushed out. It is found in many native American, African, and Caucasian language.
• Clicks


  Occur in the Southern Bantu languages such as Xhosa and Zulu, and in the languages spoken by the Bushmen and Khokhoi
• Implosives


  Occur in the language of the Americas, and throughout Africa, India and Pakistan.
• Consonants


  The characteristics of consonants
• Place of articulation


  • Bilabial
  • Labio-dental
  • Dental
  • Alveolar
  • Palato alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
• Manner of articulation


  • Bilabial
  • Labio-dental
  • Dental
  • Alveolar
  • Palato alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
• Vocal cords positions


  • Bilabial
  • Labio-dental
  • Dental
  • Alveolar
  • Palato alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
• Bilabial


  • The lower lip articulates against the upper lip
  • The sounds are: /p, b, m, w/
• Labio-dental


  • The lower lip articulates against the upper teeth
  • The sounds are: /f, v/
• Dental


  • The tip of the tongue is near or just barely touching the rear surface of the teeth
  • The sounds are: /ᶞ, ᶿ/
• Alveolar


  • The tip of your tongue hit the alveolar ridge
  • The sounds are: /t, d, n, s, z, l/
• Palato-alveolar


  • Postalveolar refers to the area at the rear of the alveolar ridge, bordering on the palate
  • The tongue is arched with the blade near the postalveolar area
  • The sounds are: /ᶴ, ᶾ, tᶴ, dᶾ, r/
• Palatal


  • The front of the tongue articulating against the palate
  • In practicing palatal sounds, you will find it helpful to anchor the tip of your tongue against the lower teeth
  • The sound: /j/
• Velar


  • The back of the tongue articulating against the velum
  • The sounds are: /k, g, ᵑ/
• Glottal


  • The larynx holds the vocal folds tightly together so that no air escapes, or lets the air escapes
  • The sounds are: /?, h/
• Produce the sound!


  Produce the sound!
• Analyze the picture carefully
• Nasal sounds


  When the velum is lowered, and the air goes to nasal cavity
• Oral sounds


  When the velum is raised, and the air go through the oral cavity instead of nasal cavity
• Nasal sounds


  • /m, n, ŋ/
• Oral sounds


  • Except nasals