PEH

• First aid


  • Administration of care
  • Life-saving ways
  • Simple procedure and an application of common sense
• Common injuries and illnesses in the outdoor

  • Cuts, Scrapes, punctures, and Lacerations
  • Strain, Sprain, Fracture
  • Concussions
  • Blister
  • Burns or scalds
• Cuts, Scrapes, punctures, and Lacerations


  Can be caused anywhere from rock climbing, cutting self from the knife, and stumbling
• Strain, Sprain, Fracture


  • Injuries that involve the stretching of the ligaments, usually when a joint is overextended from its usual range of motion
  • Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon, usually when a muscle is stretched and suddenly contracts
• Categories of sprain and strain according to severity

  • Grade 1 (mild, minor tearing)
  • Grade 2 (partial tearing)
  • Grade 3 (complete tearing)

  
• RICE

  1. Rest

  2. Ice

  3. Compression

  4. Elevation
• Concussions


  Traumatic brain injury often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body, may involve loss of consciousness or memory loss
• Blisters


  Result of ill-fitting footwear, especially seen among hikers and trekkers, can be painful and cause discomfort
• Burns or scalds


  Injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat
• Fever


  If temperature is 38 °C/100.4°F or below, it is considered low-grade or no fever and only requires rest and fluids, unless the person feels uncomfortable then over-the-counter medicine may be given (but check for allergies, and do not give aspirin to anyone under 18)

  
• Headache


  Often experienced in trekking or hiking due to lack of eye protection, tension in the neck, dehydration, swelling of brain tissue, and consumption of large amounts of water without taking salt tablets
• Altitude/mountain sickness


  Happens when the rate of ascent into higher altitudes outpaces the body's ability to adjust, triggering factors include ascending too quickly, overexertion, inadequate fluid intake, hypothermia, and alcohol consumption
• Hyperthermia


  Condition where the body produces or absorbs heat more than it can dissipate, caused by increased air temperature, solar/reflected radiation, poor ventilation in clothing, low fitness, and excess bulk/reduced skin area, leading to heat cramps, heat stroke, or heat exhaustion
• Heat cramps


  Painful, involuntary muscle spasms in the calves, arms, abdominal wall, and back, caused by excessive lactic acid or loss of fluid and electrolytes through perspiration
• Heat exhaustion


  Dehydration and salt depletion, resulting in nausea, faintness, weak rapid pulse, and cold, sweaty skin
• Heat stroke


  The most serious degree of hyperthermia

  
• Hypothermia


  Occurs when the body chills faster than it can produce heat, due to exposure to cold, wet, and/or windy weather, and not taking enough energy-producing food or having proper clothing
• Barotrauma


  Serious injury caused by pressure differences between the body's air-filled cavities and the water, can affect the ears, eyes, lungs, sinuses, skin, brain, and other body parts
• Decompression sickness (DCS)


  Serious deep water diving-related injury, happens when divers fail to follow prescribed dive profiles or have a rapid ascent, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the body and cause pain and tissue damage
• HAPE- high altitude pulmonary edema, fluid in the lungs
• HACE- High altitude cerebral edema
• HACE AND HAPE are life-threatening
• HAPE- Fluid accumulated in the lungs and make breathing extremely difficult
• HACE- refers to the build up of fluid in the brain, which can cause swelling and pressure
• AMS- Acute mild sickness
• Aquatic hazard:

  Jelly Fish

  Sea urchin

  Stingray
• Life-saving Equipment for water activities:

  Life jackets

  Safety helmets

  Safety Harness

  life buoys

  First Aid Kits

  Maps

  Distress Signal

  Radios

  Weather Gauge

  Personal Locator
• Urushiol:

  Poison Ivy

  Poison Oak

  poison Sumac
• Environmental Hazard:

  Poison Ivy/ Poison Oak/ Poison Sumac

  Leeches

  Snake Bites
• when assessing the potential environmental hazard you need to look at three factor:

  Location or terrain

  season/climate

  equipment transportation
• ten essential equipment for mountaineering:

  navigation

  headlamp

  Sun-protection

  First Aid

  Knife

  Fire

  Shelter

  extra Food

  extra water

  extra clothes
• people stung by the jelly fish, Portuguese Man-of-war, Fire corals will experience swelling, burning, and severe pain
• Sea Urchin/ Weever fish

  puncture
• Stingray- a type of fish that has large, flat belly and long tail with spines on it that are used to sting other animals
• Life jackets- these can of help to the person wearing if from drowning
• safety helmets- they are used mostly for water sports involving a higher risk factor, like water skiing and kayaking activities, but it is important to use them whenever rrequired
• safety harnesses- they should be tied tightly enough to allow free movement in the boat or deck
• life buoys- these are ring-like floating devices that prevent people from drowning
• first aid kits- it is the first requirement for medical assistance in case of an emergency and hence is a must-have safety measure on every boat.
• maps- it is important to navigate rightly and follow basic safety rules while taking any vessel out in the water, be it for rafting or boating.