Anaphy

• Anatomy


  The biological science of the human body
• Gross Anatomy


  Anything that can be observed by our naked eye, it studies body structure
• Microscopic Anatomy


  A branch of anatomy that uses microscope
• Our body functions are Physiological/Psychological
• Survival is the body's most important business
• The 3 basic human body forms

  • Endomorph - Round
  • Ectomorph - Thin
  • Mesomorph - Muscled
• Evolution


  Development of life on earth, a process that began billions of years ago and is continuing today
• Species


  Community of animals that can produce offspring
• Uniqueness


  Essential for evolution, different traits
• DNA


  Consists of different genes
• Excess Production


  Producing far more offspring than is necessary for the survival of their species, a factor of increasing species
• Heredity


  Passing of DNA to offspring
• Recombination


  Random mixing of the two DNA of two creatures
• Mutation


  Random changes on the DNA, often negative and neutral/positive effects
• Selection


  Also called as natural selection, which the organism passes through different process, later coined as The Survival of the Fittest
• Types of Reproduction


  • Asexual - reproduction without the need of pairing/mating
  • Sexual - requires mating and intercourse to produce offspring
• Cells


  The smallest unit but essential for human, the basic unit of life
• Cell Theory of R. Virchow

  Living Things are composed of cells, Cells are capable of independent existence, New cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Types of Cells


  • Eukaryotes - unicellular
  • Prokaryotes - multicellular
• Chemical Composition of the Body (CHON)

  • Carbohydrates
  • Water
  • Protein
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
• Organization


  Keeps the body separated from external environments threats and keep the cells moist and nourished
• Metabolism


  Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions, chemical reactions inside the body
• Anabolism


  Smaller, simpler molecules combined into larger, more complex substances, BUILD and UTILIZE the energy
• Catabolism


  Larger to smaller, break, releases energy
• Responsiveness/Irritability


  Ability of the body to adjust to changes
• Development


  Intangible, morality, thinking
• Growth


  Tangible, size, height, weight
• Homeostasis


  Ability of the body to maintain the dynamic equilibrium/balance
• Feedback Loops


  Cycle where there are presence of variable, receptor, effector, used to control the level of a variable
• Negative Feedback


  Inhibits, allows the body to self stabilize
• Positive Feedback


  Amplify, rare occurrence (e.g. childbirth, bleeding, breastfeeding)
• Body's normal temperature: 36.4 - 37.4 if Celsius, 96.2 if Fahrenheit
• Skeletal System


  Framework for the human body, comprises bones and connective tissues, including cartilage, tendons and ligaments

  
• Functions of Bones


  • Supports our body
  • Facilitates movement by teaming up with joints and muscles to allow movement
  • Protects our internal organs (flat bones)
  • Storage of mineral and fats
  • Production of blood cells - red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

  
• Classification of Bones


  • Long Bone - Cylindrical in shape, act as a lever and helps the support in weight of the body
  • Short Bone - Small and compact, designed for strength and stability
  • Flat Bone - Has flat surface, protector and a point of muscle attachment
  • Irregular Bone - Has complex shape, has a variety of functions, such as protection and providing support
  • Sesamoid Bone - Small and round, embedded in tendons, protect from compressive forces

  
• Compact Bone Tissue


  Hardened bone, denser, stronger and is composed of tightly fact osteons also known as haversian systems

  
• Spongy Bone Tissue


  Less dense and lighter

  
• Diaphysis


  The tubular that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone, the hollow region is called medullary cavity
• Epiphysis


  Part or process of the bone that ossifies separately and later becomes ankylosed to the main part of the bone

  
• Bone Markings


  • Articulation
  • Projection
  • Hole