APHG exam review

• Inner Cities


  An area near the center of a city, especially when associated with social and economic problems.
• Underclass


  A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
• Culture of Poverty


  a way of life that perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next
• Brownfields


  Urban areas of abandoned industrial or residential sites that may be contaminated from past use
• Filtering


  Process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people.
• Urban Redlining


  Drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money.
• Redevelopment


  Where old buildings and land are replaced by new buildings.
• Eminent Domain


  The right of government to acquire property, for a public purpose, after paying just compensation.
• Gentrification


  Process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
• Scattered Site


  site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project.
• Ghetto


  a part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups.
• Urban Colonies

  (ethnic enclave)

  A neighborhood, or district which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area.
• Food Deserts


  Urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. Instead of supermarkets and grocery stores, these communities may have no food access or are served only by fast food restaurants and convenience stores that offer few healthy, affordable food options.
• Racial Segregation


  The separation of people based on their race
• Blockbusting


  As early as 1900, real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stoking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.
• Informal Economy

  (shadow economy)

  A segment of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state
• Urban Canyons


  Streets lined with tall buildings that can channel and intensify winds as well as prevent sunlight from reaching the ground.
• Urban Heat Island


  Metropolitan area which there is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas
• Urban Wildlife


  Animals that thrive in cities but they can spread diseases and be a nuisance to people. Ex: rats, pigeons, raccoons
• Rush Hour


  The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
• Urban Sprawl


  Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up areas
• Sustainabilty


  achieving a balance between society and nature that will permit both to exist in harmony
• Greenbelts


  A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
• Smart Growth


  Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
• New Urbanism


  urban revitalization with the goal of creating more livable and walkable space in mind
• Mixed-use Neighborhoods


  Neighborhoods with a mix of homes and businesses.
• Urban Infill


  The process of building up underused lands within a city.
• Counter-urbanization

  (deurbanization)


  The net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas.
• Exurbs


  A small, usually prosperous, community situated beyond the suburbs of a city.
• White Flight


  The abandonment of cities affluent or middle class white residents. White flight was particularly problematic during the mid-20th century because it resulted in the loss of tax revenues to cities, which led to inner city decay. This process reversed itself somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s with urban revitalization.
• Metropolis


  The largest single urban settlement in a state (often the capital) or district. They not only have large populations, but also offer a broad range of high-order functions such as state government, legal and administrative services.
• Wirth, Louis


  American sociologist who pioneered in the study of urban problems.
• Functional Zonation


  The division of the city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
• Central Business District (CBD)


  The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered.
• Concentric Zone Model

  (Burgess Model)


  Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land use radiating out from a central core, or central business district.
• Zone of Transition


  Second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing.
• Sector Model

  (Hoyt's Model)


  A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.
• Multiple-Nuclei Model


  Type of urban model wherein urban areas have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place. Developed by Harris and Ullman.
• Peripheral Model


  Model which describes how an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
• Galactic City Model


  A mini edge city where people move that is connected to another city by beltways or highways leaving a declining inner city.