Carbohydrates

• what elements do carbohydrates contain

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
• what are the main functions of carbohydrates

  • storage + release of energy
  • cellular structures (cellulose cell wall)
• what are the 3 classes of carbohydrates

  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
• what are monosaccharides

  • monomers
  • form building blocks for larger carbohydrates
  • names determined by number of carbon atoms in molecule
• what are disaccharides

  • 2 monosaccharides joined together
  • by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
  • during a condensation reaction
• what are polysaccharides

  • large complex carbohydrates
  • formed by very large numbers of monosaccharides
  • by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
• what is the general chemical formula of monosaccharides

  Cn(H2O)n
• what is the most abundant monosaccharides

  glucose
• draw an alpha glucose 


  .

  
• draw a beta glucose 


  .

  
• name the 2 forms in which u can find glucose

  • alpha
  • beta
• what are alpha and beta glucose

  isomers
• what are isomers

  • same chemical formula (C6H12O6)
  • but different arrangements of atoms
• whats the difference between alpha + beta glucose

  • alpha has the OH group BELOW the C1 atom
  • beta has the OH group ABOVE the C1 atom
• give 2 other examples of hexose monosaccharides

  • fructose
  • galactose
• how many carbon atoms does pentose sugars have

  5
• describe the properties of monosaccharides

  • small size -> soluble in water -> easily dissolve inside cells -> easily transported in bloodstream of animals
• how are disaccharides formed

  • when 2 hexose sugars combine
  • in a CONDENSATION reaction
  • where a new glycosidic bond is formed
  • and water is removed
• give 3 examples of disaccharides

  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
• how is maltose formed

  • a-glucose
  • a-glucose
• how is sucrose formed

  • a-glucose
  • fructose
• how is lactose formed

  • glucose
  • galactose
• where is maltose formed

  • inside seeds
  • important source of glucose during germination
• where is sucrose used

  • transported through the phloem of all plants
• where is lactose formed

  • in mammalian milk
  • source of energy for their young
• name the link between 2 sugars

  • glycosidic bond
• why is it called a 1-4 glycosidic bond

  • between carbon 1 of one monosaccharide
  • and carbon 4 of second monosaccharide
• how can disaccharides be broken back down into monosaccharides

  by a hydrolysis reaction
• what is a hydrolysis reaction

  breaking of glycosidic bond w insertion of water