(Greek) Justice as harmony: a just society is one which everyone fulfills their roles so that society runs smoothly -> violating place in social order is unjust (even if its a place you don't want to be)
Justice as equality: everyone should get the same kind and amount of stuff
Needs-based justuce: everyone shouldn't get the same, because our needs aren't the same
Merit-based justice: giving unequally based on what each person deserves
Rawls - Justice as fairness: any inequalities in a social system should favour the least well-off, because this equalizes society
essential human rights: we are entitles to have basic needs fulfilled - negative and positive rights
retributive justice: the only way to be satisfied is to make a wrongdoes suffer in proportion to the same way they made others suffer
wellfare maximization: no good to be found in vindictively causing pain to wrongdoes but some form of punishment is still in order (ie. rehabilitation and detterence)
restorative justice: amends over revenge
"justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is to systems of thought."
the same way you would judge an idea beased off of how true it is, we should judge the legitimacy of our social institutions based on how just they are
distributive justice:
people work togeather (society) -> "surplus value" (primary social goods) created from efficiency -> where does this surplus value get allocated, and how should it be distributed?
primary social goods
income, power, wealth
rights, liberties, oppertunities
inequalities should exist within a society
an inequality is just as long as its based on some sort of work or effort that somebody has put in
original position:
veil of ignorance: not knowing anything about your life in this society when redesigning society - how would rational, impartial human beings create society
Maxamin rule: give the least advantaged the best situation possible in comparison to all other potential societies
Rawls was not a fan of socialism, argued that it achieved equality at the expense of everyone
Justice as fairness:
social and economic inequalities must be to everyones advantage
such social and economic inequalities must be attatched to positions that are equally open to all
protecting against a system with different classes
no position in society is reserved for a specific person or type of person
legal barriers
birth status barriers
talent and effort to excel barriers ** if this is the only inequality within a society than it is true equality of oppertunity
difference principle: remove inequalities within a society as much as we can until the removal of further inequalities would cause harm to the least advantaged
efficiency principle: idea that we should find people in society that need help, and help them as much as we can until helping them would cause harm to someone else