EXAM 4

• "neurons that fire together, wire together"

  Term Potentiation (LTP)
• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)


  Increase in synaptic strength between pre and post neurons
• Action Potential


  1. Pre-synaptic ("sending") cell

  2. Synapse

  3. Post-synaptic ("receiving") cell
• How? (standard LTP)


  Strengthening the connection
• AMPA


  Glutamate binds letting Sodium in (closer to action potential)
• NMDA


  Magnesium blocks the NMDA from letting anything in
• More stimulation


  Way more glutamate, way more sodium, Action potential
• Magnesium


  Doesn't like all the sodium so it pops out and goes into the synapse
• NMDA channel no longer blocked

  Calcium enters
• Calcium


  Makes more AMPA Receptors, more sensitive to whatever message is sent (only needs a little stimulation)
• Long-Term Depression (LTD)


  Decrease in strength between pre and post neuron
• How? (LTD)


  Glutamate, NMDA, AMPA aren't talking to each other so the communication is weak, AMPA receptor goes bye bye
• Alzheimer's


  Connection is basically gone so you forget
• Alzheimer's


  • Slow decline in memory, thinking, and even behavior
• Plaques


  Proteins-outside, Beta amyloid they clump up in the synapse
• Tangles


  Proteins-inside, Tau, Maintains the skeleton of neuron, in Alzheimers it starts to break apart
• Beta amyloid, Tau


  Breaking apart, The cells can now not communicate
• Immune system


  Comes in and eats the cells not working at 100%
• Brain


  Massive Shrinkage, Hippocampus is the 1st part of the brain impacted
• Hippocampus looks like a sea horse
• Electrically encoded representation


  Patterns of neurons firing together
• Spectrum of memories


  • Some memories are very vivid and strong, some you forget
• Types of Memory


  • Declarative
  • Non declarative
• Declarative memory


  You can verbalize it - state examples
• Declarative memory types


  • Semantic
  • Episodic
• Semantic memory


  You can say them - state examples
• Episodic memory


  Complex saying what you did this weekend
• Declarative memory


  • Happens in the HIPPOCAMPUS
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Amygdala
• Non declarative memory


  Hard to verbalize
• Non declarative memory types

  • Procedural
  • Cerebellum
• Procedural memory


  Tell someone how to tie a knot
• Non declarative memory


  • Happens in the CEREBELLUM
• Consolidation


  Creating a more permanent memory
• Consolidation


  • Plasticity (malleable, constantly changing on a daily basis)
  • Happens during night time sleep
  • Repeat patterns of neuron firing
  • Happens in the Hippocampus
• Reconsolidation


  1. Memory retrieved

  2. Repackaged
• Episodic memories


  • Pretty accurate during learning, storage and retrieval
  • Less accurate during retrieval (but not on purpose)
• Hypothalamus - regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, emotions, and other bodily functions; secretes releasing factors to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release its own hormones.
• On canvas
• Memory


  Electrically encoded representation
• Declarative memory


  Verbalize, Semantic (states), Episodic (complex), Hippocampus