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• Chemistry


  The study of the structure, properties, composition, and reactions a matter undergoes
• Inorganic Chemistry


  The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behaviour of inorganic compounds
• Organic Chemistry


  The branch of chemistry which deals with organic compounds or Carbon-containing compounds
• Organic Chemistry was formerly defined as a branch of chemistry concerned with substances derived from living things
• Inorganic Compounds


  • Bonding is almost entirely covalent
  • Most are solids with high melting points
  • Many are soluble in water
  • Aqueous solutions form ions that conduct electricity (electrolyte)
  • Very few burn
• Organic Compounds


  • Most have ionic bonds
  • Many are gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points
  • Most are insoluble in water
  • Most are soluble in organic solvents
  • Aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity (nonelectrolyte)
  • Almost all burn and decompose
  • Reactions are usually low
• Vital Force Theory - Organic compounds is only found and extracted from living things and inorganic compounds are made from non-living things


  Early 1800
• Friedrich Wohler disproved the theory of vitalism by discovering that urea (organic compound) can be produced from heating ammonium cyanate which is an inorganic compound


  1828
• August Kekule defined organic compounds as those that contain carbon


  1850
• Carbon


  A dark grey to black non-metallic element that is a constituent of all organic compounds
• The human body is about 18% carbon by weight
• Forms of carbon


  • Graphite
  • Diamond
• Carbon is a constituent of coal, limestone and petroleum
• Carbon is one of the most versatile of all elements and forms more compounds than any other element
• The name 'carbon'


  Originates from the Latin word 'carbo', meaning 'charcoal'. It was named by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
• The Atomic Number for Carbon is 6
• Carbon was discovered as soot and charcoal in ancient time
• In 1722 Rene Reaumur published his belief that carbon might be an element
• Physical properties of carbon

  • Nonmetallic solid with definite shape and volume
  • Exists in two well-defined allotropic crystalline forms: diamond and graphite
  • Low melting and boiling point compared to ionic compounds
  • Density of 2.2 g/ml at 20°C
  • Poor conductors of electricity
• Chemical properties of carbon

  • Does not dissolve in or react with water, diluted acids and bases
  • Can form long chains and rings of atoms
  • Combines with Oxygen to produce Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

  
• Valence electrons


  The number of electrons located on the outermost (valence) shell
• Carbon has four valence electrons, which allows it to form four covalent bonds
• Ways carbon can meet the four-bond requirement


  1. Bonding to four other atoms which requires four single bonds

  2. Bonding to three other atoms which requires two single bonds and a double bound

  3. Bonding to two other atoms which require either two double bonds or a triple bond and a single bond
• The unique ability of carbon to bind with itself is called Catenation
• Carbon chains could have more than one geometrical arrangement based on one chemical formula, called isomers
• Hydrocarbon types


  • Open-chain: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne
  • Closed-chain: Alicyclic, Aromatic

  
• Hydrocarbon derivatives


  • Alcohol
  • Phenol
  • Alkyl halide
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Esters
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Amines
  • Thiol
  • Ether