Geography

• Population


  The number of people living in a particular geographical areas
• Population explosion


  The rapid growth of world population
• Population density


  The average number of people in a given area per square kilometer
• Birth rate


  The number of live births per 1000 people in a year
• Death rate


  The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year
• Natural increase


  The difference between birth and death rate
• Census


  An official count of the population at a regular interval
• Infant mortality rate


  The number of death in a year per 1000 children below the age of one
• Life expectancy


  The average number of year of a person is expected to live
• Population structure


  Age and sex composition of a country population
• Population Pyramid


  A diagram that shows the proportion of the total population of sex (male and female) and their age group

  
• Old age group


  The age group of 60 years and above
• Young age group


  The age group between 14 year and under
• Working population


  The age group between 15 years and 64 year
• Ageing population


  When the proportion of 'young' people is less than 30% and the proportion of Old people is greater than 6%
• Young population


  When the proportion of 'young' people is more than 30% and the proportion of 'Old' people is less than 6%
• Over population


  When the total number of people living in a country is more than the available resources
• Under population


  When the total number of people living in a country is less than the available resources
• Optimum population


  The size of population that permits the full utilization of the natural resources of an area, giving maximum per capita output and standard of living
• Factors that encourages high birth rate

  • Early marriages
  • Children are seen as wealth
  • High number of death among children
  • Lack of knowledge on birth control
  • Preference of male child
  • Religious beliefs
• Demographic Transition Model


  The historical shift of birth and death rate from high to low levels in a population

  
• Overpopulation


  When the total number of people living in a country is more than the available resources in a country
• Underpopulation


  When the total number of people living in a country is less than the available resources in a country
• Literacy rate is only 28.7% and the population below the poverty line is 63%. About 90% of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture; industry 6% and services 4%. The birth rate is 49.6 and the death rate is 20.3
• Consequences of high rate of population growth

  • Overcrowding
  • Shortage of food
  • Pressure on social services
  • Unemployment and other social problems
• Overcrowding


  High rate of population growth may cause overcrowding. In some cities, people live in a congested shanty towns or squatters due to inadequate housing. When people live in such a condition, diseases can spread easily due to lack of infrastructures
• Shortage of food


  Despite technological advancements in agricultural production, local food supply cannot meet the increasing demand. Due to high pressure on farmland, many fields become over cultivated
• Pressure on social services


  In most of the LEDCs there is a great pressure in providing medical services and education to meet the growing population
• Unemployment and other social problems

  The farmers earn a low income in the LEDCs due to lack of land availability and infrastructures. As the population grows, the farmland will be over cultivated resulting to decline in production. There is also no enough job opportunities in the cities. When some people cannot support themselves with proper jobs, some may turn to crime
• Migration


  The movement of people across a specify boundary – national or international and live there for a year or more
• Types of migration


  • Voluntary migration
  • Involuntary migration
  • Internal migration
  • International migration
  • Immigration
  • Emigration
  • Net migration
  • Asylum seeker
  • Refugee
  • International migrant
  • National migrant
  • Illegal migrant
• Push factors


  Negative conditions at the point of origin which encourage or force people to move
• Pull factors


  Positive condition at the point of destination which encourage people to migrate
• Push factors


  • Adverse climatic conditions
  • Natural disasters (drought, famines)
  • Social upheaval
  • Poor employment
  • Low income
  • Intolerance
  • Housing shortages
  • Poor educational opportunities
  • War with another country
  • Civil war
• Pull factors


  • Amenities
  • Attractive environment
  • High standard of living
  • Job prospects
  • High wages
  • Improved housing
  • Tolerance
  • Better medical facilities
  • Chance of better education
  • Family or friend may have already moved
  • Safety
• Barriers or problems in international migration

  • Cost of travel can be high
  • High cost of Visa
  • There are legal restrictions
  • Cultural differences – language, way of life
• Most people prefer their own country due to existing job and work contacts, family and friends are near, familiar surrounding and culture, living costs may be lower
• Migrants may return home with capital to starts a business, with new skills and qualifications, if they have difficulty in setting
• Push factors


  • Adverse climatic conditions
  • Natural disasters (drought, famines)
  • Social upheaval
  • Poor employment
  • Low income
  • Intolerance
  • Housing shortages
  • Poor educational opportunities
  • War with another country
  • Civil war
• Pull factors


  • Amenities
  • Attractive environment
  • High standard of living
  • Job prospects
  • High wages
  • Improved housing
  • Tolerance
  • Better medical facilities
  • Chance of better education
  • Family or friend may have already moved
  • Safety