RWS

• Critical Thinking - process that involves a series of complex thought process
• hasty generalization - occurs when sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population
• argumentum ad ignoratiam - occurs when something is concluded to be false because it's not proven
• slippery slope - occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
• circular reasoning - occurs when reasoning just goes back to itself
• argumentum ad populum - occurs when idea is proved based on popular belief
• fallacy of composition - occurs when a whole is claimed true because a part of it is true
• argumentum ad baculum - occurs when the argument appeals to the human emotions specifically fear, by use of threat or force
• argumentum ad hominem - occurs when the personality of a person is attacked rather than argument's validity
• false dilemma - occurs when argument is presented as one of only two options (e.g. it's either we will live or will die tonight)
• complex questions - two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to either accept or reject both (e.g. are you done copying your classmates' answer?)
• appeal to pity - occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
• appeal to force - occurs when a threat is used, instead of reasoning
• appeal to consequences - occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that is false (e.g. chain msgs)
• bandwagon - occurs when an argument is considered to be valid since it's what majority thinks
• anonymous authority - authority in question is not mentioned or named
• false analogy - occurs when a writer assumers that two concepts are similar in other ways
• accident - occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when there should be an exemption
• post hoc ergo propter hoc - occurs when arguer claims that event a is the cause of event b
• wrong direction - occurs when the direction between the cause and effect is reversed
• complex cause - occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors
• irrelevant conclusion - occurs when an argument has different conclusion
• straw man - occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so it's easier to refute (e.g. gaslighting)
• affirming the consequent - a is true, b is true; and vice versa
• denying the antecedent - a is true, b is true; a is false, b is false
• inconsistency - occurs when arguments contradict one another
• inference or claims - logical conclusion based on evidences, information, and reasoning
• explicit claims - claims that are stated clearly and expressed fully in a text leaving no room for confusion, vagueness, or ambiguity
• implicit claims - claims that are not clearly expressed in the text but are being suggested to be the meaning of the text implied
• claims of policy - assert one cause of action is superior to another course of action; provides solution or argue against certain solutions through rules, regulation, and law
• claims of value - assert something is better or more desirable than something else; worth of something either philosophical, moral, or aesthetic
• claims of fact - assert that something is true or not; derived from factual info
• field - concerns the kind of action taking place and its social nature; where it was said
• tenor - regards the interactive roles involved in text; who said it
• mode - function of language in the organization in the text; how one said it
• context of culture - people do things on occasions and attach meanings to them
• intertext - a work whose meaning is shaped by referencing or calling to mind other texts
• allusion - reference to either a classic, canonical, or popular character, setting or idea that has been established by a pre-existing text
• pastiche - text created from the idea, plot, theme style, and characters of a pre-existing text; an imitation
• parody - mimics original texts to achieve a mocking, humorous effect