organic 1

• all substances have dispersion forces
• polar molecules have dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces
• boiling point depends on the cumulative effect of all intermolecular forces in a substance
• alcohols are prepared through addition reactions between alkenes and water with an acid catalyst
• functional group of alcohols is the hydroxy group (OH)
• alcohols are polar
• forces in alcohols: dispersion, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonds
• hydrocarbon molecules only have dispersion forces
• alcohols have higher meltingand boiling points than hydrocarbons of a similar size
• the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the less polar the alcohol molecule is and the less soluble it will be in a polar solvent (but the more soluble it will be in a non-polar solvent)
• small alcohol molecules are highly polar and form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• carboxylic acid functional group is COOH
• carboxylic acid suffix = oic acid
• carboxylic acids are produced through the oxidation of primary alcohols with acidified dichromate or permanganate solution
• carboxylic acids are weak acids that partially ionise in solution
• carboxylic acid molecules can hydrogen bond with water molecules
• carboxylic acid molecule can form dimers (hydrogen bond together)
• alcohols can undergo combustion to form carbon dioxide and water
• alcohols can be chemically oxidised with acidified dichromate or acidified permanganate ions
• primary alcohols -----> aldehydes -----> carboxylic acids
• aldehyde functional group is CHO
• aldehydes have the suffix 'al'
• adehydes are formed from primary alcohols
• aldehydes are formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols using acidified dichromate or acidified permanganate solutions
• the alcohol functional group can oxidise to form the aldehyde functional group
• aldehydes are removed via distillation
• aldehydes have dispersion and dipole-dipole forces
• aldehydes are soluble in water as it forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• with increasing hydrocarbon chain length carboxylic acids decrease in strength
• carboxylic acid can form hydrogen bonds with water or with other carboxylic acid molecules to form dimers
• ester functional group = COO
• esters are fromed from condensation reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids
• esters and carboxylic acids can be isomers of eachother
• esters are polar molecules
• esters cannot form hydrogen bonds with other ester molecules, but can hydrogen bond with water
• forming esters requires an acid catalyst
• esters can undergo hydrolysis in acidic conditions to form the carboxylic acid and alcohol its is derived from
• in alkaline conditions, ester can undergo hydrolysis to produce the alcohol and carboxylate ion the ester is derived from
• condensation of the carboxylic acid and alcohol will form the ester and a water molecule