Final

• In philosophy, the terms 'moral philosophy' and 'ethics' are used (more or less) as synonyms.


  True
• Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which deals with understanding the nature of art and beauty.

  False
• In the preface of the Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant defined ethics as:


  The branch of philosophy that investigates the laws of freedom
• Match the Philosophers with the Corresponding Type of Normative Ethical Theories they developed:

  Aristotle

  Immanuel Kant

  John Stuart Mill


  Aristotle- Virtue Ethics

  Kant- Deontology

  Mill- Utilitarianism
• Act only on those maxims which you can at once will to become universal laws

  The Categorical Imperative
• Actions are morally right as they tend to produce happiness, morally wrong...

  The Principle of Utility
• Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

  The Golden Rule
• Avoid doing harm whenever possible

  The Principle of Non-Malificence
• Respect the free decisions of people who are mature & rational

  The principle of autonomy
• Do good whenever possible

  The principle of beneficence
• Always try to be fair to all those who are affected by your actions

  Principle of justice
• The word 'argument', as used in logic and philosophy, refers to a verbal disagreement or a shouting match.

  False
• All statements are sentences


  True
• Which of the following is not a conclusion indicator?

  Since
• Some arguments have questions as premises


  False
• Cheating is morally wrong because it goes against principles of fairness, trust, person integrity, and the values that underpin a healthy and functioning society


  Cheating is morally wrong
• Since all cats are mammals, & all mammals are animals, we can infer that all cats are animals

  All cats are animals
• John wants others to treat him with respect. Therefore, since people should treat others the same way they want others to treat them, John should treat others with respect.

  John should treat others with respect
• Real friends are reliable. Real friends are honest. Real friends are happy when we succeed & supportive when we suffer....


  You should cherish your true friends
• According to James Rachels, philosophy, like morality itself, is first and last an exercise in reason; we should embrace the ideas, positions, and theories that


  our best arguments support
• According to Rachels, there is a simple recipe for constructing good moral arguments and avoiding bad ones


  False
• According to Rachels (1.5) , moral judgments must be backed by good reasons; & 2nd, morality requires the impartial consideration of each individuals' interests


  True
• When weighing on the Benefits Argument, Rachels accepts the 2nd premises bc


  Being alive was doing Baby Theresa no good, & mere biological existence is worthless
• According to Rachels, the minimum conception of morality involves

  Both A and B
• There is no truth


  False
• Which of the following are examples of valid reasoning:

  all collies are dogs, all dogs are animals, therefore, all collies are animals
• All valid arguments are sound arguments


  False
• All valid arguments have true conclusion

  False
• All beers are beveragesMiller High Life is a beerTherefore, Miller High life is a beverage

  Sound
• All soft drinks are beveragesBud light is a soft drinkTherefore, Bud light is a beverage


  Valid but not sound
• All soft drinks are beveragesPepsi is a beverageTherefore, Pepsi is a soft drink


  Invalid
• Some counterexamples have all true premises and a true conclusion

  False
• All believers in Strong Artificial Intelligence are MaterialistsDaniel Dennett is a MaterialistIt follows that Daniel Dennett is a believer in Strong Artificial Intelligence


  All even numbers are numbersThe number 3 is a numberIt follows that the number 3 is an even number
• All highly conservative politicians are republicansNo democrats are highly conservative politiciansTherefore, no democrats are republicans


  All A are B

  No C are A

  So, no C are B

  Let A=cats, b=animals, and c=dogs
• Counterexample to the Cultural Differences Arguments


  (p1) Different cultures have different beliefs about the shape of the earth

  (c) there is no object "truth" about the shape of the earth. The shape of the earth is only a matter of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture
• Cultural relativism Is the theory which claims some moral truths are relative to culture and some are not


  False
• According to Rachels The cultural differences argument is unsound bc it has a false premises

  False
• Rachels claims that certain practices which are accepted by some cultures are morally wrong


  true
• Anyone who believes that the abolition of slavery in the west. world has a mark of moral progress is not a cultural relativist

  true
• Rachels completely agrees w/ the 5th claim of cultural relativism. He thinks that we should always be tolerant of the practices of other cultures..

  False