CLADISTICS AND PHYLOGENY

• Cladistics/Phylogeny - is a relatively a system of classification that uses shared derived traits to establish evolutionary relationships.
• Derived trait - is a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration.
• Cladogram - is a phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis.
• Cladogram - the relationship are hypothetical.
• Phylogenetic Tree - the relationship are backed by Molecular Evidence. (DNA, Molecular Data).
• Outgroup - is the least related group, will be found on the far left of the diagram.
• Outgroup - not the member of the group of organisms being classified.
• Ingroup - the organisms being classified.
• Clade - is a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
• Monophyletic - a group of organisms that share recent common ancestor and its descendants.
• Paraphyletic - this clades a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
• Polyphyletic - this clade groups organisms together based on shared characteristics that evolved independently, not necessarily from common ancestor.
• Synapomorphy - a derived trait shared by two or more taxaand inherited from their common ancestor.
• Autapomorphy - a unique, derived trait that is specific to single taxon.
• Phenetics - numerical taxonomy
• Phenetics - based solely on observable and morphological characteristics.
• Phenetics - its a type of classification based on the analysis of (Numerical Comparison)
• Artificial Classification - it is based on one or few easily observable characteristics of plant such as plant habit, color, and human usefulness.
• Natural Classification - considers a broader range of characteristics including evolutionary relationships. often involves examining, (anatomical features, reproductive system, and even genetic data).
• PRINCIPLES OF PHENETICS

  • The more characters, the better a given classification will be.
  • Every character should be given equal weightage.
  • Classification is based on phenetic similarity
• Equal weighting - all characters selected are given equal weightages.
• Successive Weighting - The characters which show the least homoplasy (unique) are identified and given more weightage.
• Cladistics - a system of classification based on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms.
• PRINCIPLES OF CLADISTICS

  Cladistics is that organisms that share more resent common ancestors are more closely related than those with more distant common ancestors.
• Monophyletic Group - A group consisting only of an ancestor and its descendants.
• Paraphyletic Group - A group containing an ancestral form and some but not all of its descendant forms.
• Polyphyletic Group - A group containing two or more different lineages that do not have a common ancestry.
• Emil Hans Willi Hennig (Apr. 20, 1913 - November 5, 1976) - A German Biologist and Zoologist who is considered as the founder of Phylogenetic System, otherwise known as Cladistics.
• Clade - A group of organisms, such as species, whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor.
• Parsimony - the principle of constructing the simplest possible phylogenetic trees in cladistics.
• Common ancestor - ancestor that are shared with other lineages
• Homology - features that are both similar morphologically and genetically.
• Monophyly - consist of common ancestor and all of its descendants.
• Plesiomorphy - refers to primitive characters/ ancestral character.
• Homoplasy - a trait is independently gained or lost in separate lineages during evolution ( unique).
• Taxonomical Characters - are characters used to classify organism.
• Morphological Characters - refers to the physical features or structures of an organisms body.
• Physiological Characters - Physical functions that come from the structural information of the body.
• Ecological Character - an organisms interactions with its environment, including its habitat, and ecological roles.
• Ethological Character - an organisms behavior, particularly its social interactions, communication, and other behavioral patterns.