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• Mindanao


  One of the second-largest islands in the Philippines, located in the southern region of the archipelago
• Mindanao


  • Surrounded by four seas: Sulu Sea to the west, Philippines to the east, Celebes Sea to the south, Mindanao Sea to the north
  • Home to famous mountains and volcanoes like Mt. Apo which attract tourism
  • Consists of people with different languages, tribes and races
• Music in Mindanao


  An important part of the lives of Mindanao's ethnic groups, accompanying daily routines such as birth, work, entertainment, courtship, wedding, death and religious activities
• Sacred rituals and practices in Mindanao

  Accompanied by music for Muslims and non-Muslims, making rituals more meaningful, colorful, and symbolic
• Vocal music in Mindanao


  Considered the oldest form of music, known to be highly artistic and technically excellent
• Characteristics of Mindanao vocal music

  • Melismatic - many notes sung in one syllable
  • With phrasing - melodies divided into phrases
  • Monophonic - usually with a single melody
  • Use of tremolos - trembling effect in a tone
  • Strained voice - reaching high notes with a natural voice
  • Nasal enunciation - the voice has a particular sound because air is going through the nose when singing
  • Chanting - uttering words with melodic sounds
• Types of Mindanao vocal music

  • Religious Music: Lughu performed by the Tausugs during Ramadan
  • Entertainment Music: Love songs, lullabies, legends, chants, and courtship
• Chant samples


  • Miminsad - A dance song chanted by people walking before the altar (wedding feast), accompanied by large and small kettle drums
  • Darangen - Epic song including a wealth of knowledge about Maranao people living in the Lake Lanao region
  • Ulaging - The most important type of vocal music, recalling the adventure of the main hero Agyu and his siblings (sung at night-time)
• Kapelawlawd


  Portrays the neutrality of a Maranao member when his relatives or friends are in conflict, by avoiding being involved by going into the "ocean" or "depth", to be away from the quarreling groups
• Kapmotantang


  Conveys the Maranao matarabat (pride), which requires that one avenges any wrongdoing against him and demands public humiliation of his enemy
• Kapematatar


  Sings about a maiden's reasoning that to be with a man in bed is fine if he is a royal equal in their tribe, based on Maranao value of equality in social status for marriage and sex partnerships
• Lumad


  A Visayan word for "native" or "indigenous"
• Lumad


  • Refers to non-Christian and non-Muslim ethnic groups of Mindanao
  • The music of Lumad includes a wide repertoire of sounds performing during various occasions
• Lumad tribes in Mindanao

  • Subanon
  • Manobo
  • Mansaka
  • T'boli
  • Bagobo
  • Kanditagawnan
• Subanon tribe


  • The biggest group of Lumads in Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur
• Different Types of Songs

  • Odonli - love song
  • Ogiloy - funeral song
  • Buwa - lullaby
• Manobo tribe


  • One of the Philippines' largest ethnic groups
  • Singers use their armpits to create rhythmic sounds while singing
  • Hail from Sarangani Island, Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, and Cotabato
  • Consists of ritual chants, lullabies, narrative songs, and songs for nature
• Mansaka tribe


  • Tribes from Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley
  • Their musical forms include the saliada which is similar to bayok depicting the love of nature
• T'boli tribe


  • The tribes of South Cotabato
  • Perform different songs on different occasions and sentiments
  • Reflect their closeness to nature through the imitations of natural sounds
• Bagobo tribe


  • Inhabits the mountain ranges of Mt. Apo and the west coast of Davao Gulf
  • Their music is part of festive and religious occasions and everyday activities that include children's songs, lullabies, and advice songs
  • Instruments are related to agriculture
• Kanditagawnan


  • A man and a woman exaggerate the short time to plant, harvest, cook, and eat camote
  • Girl recommends raising camote as a service to the people
• Adaw


  Plant camote which Today we shall harvest And cook tomorrow For the people to eat.
• Kandagoong


  • Or "sounds of rain" shows a boy's intention to ask for a girl's hand for marriage even if he cannot give the royal family's dowry
• Kawto


  There's storm rain sounds Darkening the sea horizon Reaching not the mountains.
• Gong music of Mindanao

  Bossed gongs of Southern Philippines
• Types of bossed gongs

  • Agung
  • Gandingan
  • Kulintang
• Agung


  • Large bossed gong with deep, slightly tuned-in rims
  • Hung on wooden frames or from rafters, or if small enough, held in one hand
  • Played individually, in groups, or as part of a large ensemble
• Agung


  • Traditionally played by male performers
  • Sometimes two agungs of different pitches, suspended side-by-side facing each other are played in the palabunibunyan
• Gandingan


  • Narrower, very slightly turned-in rims
  • Bosses not as prominent as the agungs
  • Hung and played individually or in ensemble
• Gandingan


  • Instrument sounded using a pair of sticks with a thick rubber padding at the ends
  • Traditionally played by a woman
• Kulintang


  • Gong chime, graduated bossed gongs laid in a row on a wooden frame or mat
  • Plays an important soloistic role in gong ensembles
• Kulintang


  • Traditionally played by a woman
  • A good-looking player should be able to play without looking at the gongs as she strikes them
• Palabunibunyan


  • Means "an ensemble of loud instruments"
  • Term to call the Maguindanao gong ensembles which consist of five instruments: Kulintang, Babendil, Agung, Debakan, Gandingan
• Musical pieces played in the palabunibunyan

  • Binalig (also called sirong)
  • Sinulog
  • Tidtu
  • Tagunggo
• Tagunggo


  Exclusively for ritual and usually accompanied by a ritual dance called sagayan
• Main structure of kulintang pieces


  1. Introduction

  2. Repeated section

  3. Ascending

  4. Conclusion
• Length of kulintang pieces


  Depends on the players as she would choose to repeat some sections several times
• Debakan


  • Goblet-shaped wooden drum covered with goat, lizard, or snakeskin
  • About a couple of inches taller than the seat of a regular dining chair
• Debakan


  • Traditionally played by a woman who sits on a chair as she plays
  • Played by striking it with two thin bamboo sticks about a feet and a half in length and about half an inch in width
• Babendil


  • Also called babendir
  • About 20 centimeters in diameter and has narrow, very slightly turned-in rims
  • Makes a thin sound when struck on the rim with a bamboo stick