AI

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)


  The use of computer systems to simulate human mental processes, such as interpreting and generating language

  
• Artificial Intelligence term coined by John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference


  1956
• John McCarthy


  Mathematician and computer scientist, one of the "founding fathers" of artificial intelligence
• Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human
• Turing test aims to determine which respondent is a computer and which is a human
• ELIZA was the first chatterbot, created from 1964-1966 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Laboratory
• ELIZA aimed at tricking its users by making them believe that they were having a conversation with a real person
• Artificial Intelligence


  • Aims to enable computers to learn automatically without human intervention and adjust actions
  • Uses algorithms that can make predictions through pattern recognition

  
• Components of Intelligence


  • Reasoning
  • Problem-solving
  • Perception
  • Language
  • Learning
• Automation


  Setting up robots to follow a set of pre-defined rules
• Artificial Intelligence


  Setting up robots to make their own decisions (though still based on human input)
• How Artificial Intelligence Works

  • Data Input
  • Data Processing
  • Outcome
  • Assessment
  • Adjustments

  
• Machine Learning


  Combines massive amounts of data with quick, iterative processing and intelligent algorithms to enable computers to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data
• Machine Learning Categories


  • Supervised Learning
  • Unsupervised Learning
  • Reinforcement Learning

  
• Deep Learning


  Application of Machine Learning that uses complex algorithms and artificial neural networks to train a model, where data and patterns can be better perceived

  
• Deep Learning


  • Made up of a neural network with three or more layers: input layer, hidden layers, and output layer
  • Attempts to model human learning by digesting and analyzing massive amounts of information, also known as training data

  
• Applications of Deep Learning

  • Self-driving cars
  • Speech recognition
  • Pattern recognition
  • Computer programming
  • Image recognition
  • Contextual recommendations
• Predictive Analytics


  A statistics-based method that data analysts use to make assumptions and test records to predict or forecast future outcomes
• Applications of Predictive Analytics

  • Banking: fraud detection and risk reduction
  • Healthcare: clinical predictions, disease progression and comorbidities, and optimal best treatments
  • Marketing and Sales: customer segmentation and maintenance forecasting
  • Supply Chain: operational improvement
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)

  A subfield of AI that focuses on enabling machines to understand and interpret human language
• Applications of NLP


  • Spam detection
  • Machine translation
  • Virtual agents and chatbots
  • Text summarization
  • Sentiment analysis (including toxicity classification)
• Speech AI


  • Focuses on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human speech
  • Two components: speech recognition (converting spoken words into text) and speech synthesis (converting written text into spoken words)
• Applications of Speech AI

  • Call center transcription
  • Clinical note-taking
  • Virtual assistants
  • Media and marketing
  • Accessibility
  • Translation and language learning
• Expert Systems


  Computer programs that use AI technologies to simulate the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expertise and experience in a particular field
• Components of an Expert System

  • Knowledge base
  • Inference engine
  • User interface
• Examples of Expert Systems

  • CaDet (Cancer Decision Support Tool)
  • DENDRAL (identifies unknown organic molecules)
  • DXplain (diagnoses various diseases)
  • MYCIN (identifies bacteria and recommends antibiotics)
  • PXDES (determines lung cancer type and severity)
  • R1/XCON (selects and orders computer components)
• Automated Planning and Scheduling

  The process of using AI techniques to optimize and automate the allocation of resources, tasks, and activities over time
• Applications of Automated Planning and Scheduling

  • Manufacturing and Production
  • Transportation
  • Optimizing Energy Management
  • Healthcare
  • Supply Chain Management
• Robotics


  A branch of engineering and computer science that includes the design, construction and operation of machines that are capable of performing programmed tasks without additional human involvement
• AI can be integrated into robotics to enhance the robot's capabilities and improve decision-making, but it's not always necessary
• Examples of Robotics


  • Atlas and Spot (Boston Dynamics)
  • OceanOne (Stanford Robotics Lab)
  • Eve (1X)
  • Smart Home AI Agent (LG Electronics)
• Computer Vision


  A field of AI that uses machine learning and neural networks to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs, and to make recommendations or take actions

  
• Examples of Computer Vision Tasks

  • Image classification
  • Object detection
  • Object tracking
  • Content-based image retrieval
• Applications of Computer Vision

  • Automotive Industry (Autonomous Vehicles)
  • Public Security (Facial Recognition)
  • Retail (Customer Experience, Inventory Management)
  • Medicine (Medical Imaging)
  • Education (Attendance And Engagement Monitoring)
  • Fitness And Sports (Tracking Systems)
  • Precision Agriculture
  • Gaming (Human Pose Estimation)
  • Media & Entertainment (Interactive Media, Smart glasses)
  • Manufacturing (Product Assembly, Defect Detection)
  • Transportation (Violations Detection, Traffic Flow Analysis)
• Artificial intelligence


  Intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human
• "Can machines think?": 'TURING TEST, Alan Turing (1950)'
• John McCarthy


  • One of the "founding fathers" of artificial intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon
• Early 1950s study of "thinking machines"


  1. Cybernetics

  2. Automata theory

  3. Information processing
• "Artificial Intelligence"


  New, neutral umbrella term to collect and organize disparate research efforts into a single field focused on developing machines that could simulate every aspect of intelligence

  
• ELIZA


  • First chatterbot ("chatbot")
  • Uses NLP program
  • Created 1964-1966 at MIT AI Laboratory
  • Aimed at tricking users into believing they were conversing with a real human