NRG 205 PREFINAL EXAM

• Health promotion


  Combination of health education and various supports (organizational, economic, environmental) aimed at fostering behaviors conducive to health
• Health education


  Providing individuals, groups, or communities with information and knowledge about health-related topics to promote health literacy and empower them to make informed decisions about their health
• Health protection


  Engaging in behaviors with the specific intent of preventing disease, detecting disease early, or maximizing health within the constraints of disease
• Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion


  Document developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1986 that outlines strategies and principles for health promotion, emphasizing the importance of creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, reorienting health services, and building healthy public policies

  
• Patient education


  Providing information and resources to individuals to help them understand their health conditions, treatment options, and self-management strategies
• Portion distortion


  Phenomenon where individuals underestimate the serving sizes of food, leading to overconsumption of calories and nutrients
• Risk


  Probability of harm or adverse effects occurring as a result of a particular action, behavior, or exposure to a hazard
• Risk communication


  Exchange of information about risks between experts, authorities, and the public to enhance understanding of risks, promote informed decision-making, and facilitate appropriate responses to mitigate or manage risks effectively
• Risk reduction


  Implementing measures or interventions to decrease the likelihood or severity of adverse outcomes associated with a particular risk
• Health promotion involves a combination of health education and various supports (organizational, economic, environmental) aimed at encouraging behaviors conducive to health at the individual, group, or community level
• Health promotion is driven by the desire to increase well-being and achieve optimal health potential, emphasizing proactive measures to enhance one's health rather than merely reacting to illness
• Health protection involves proactive measures like regular screenings to prevent disease and detect illnesses in their early stages
• Community health nursing


  • Extends beyond individual care to address the health needs of entire communities
  • Involves understanding the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health that influence community well-being
  • Engages in health protection activities aimed at preventing disease, detecting illnesses in their early stages, and maximizing health within the constraints of existing conditions
• Community health nurses advocate for policies and initiatives that promote population health and empower individuals and communities to take control of their health
• Risk factor


  An exposure associated with the development of a disease
• Risk assessment


  1. Hazard identification

  2. Risk description

  3. Exposure assessment

  4. Risk estimation
• Types of health risks

  • Modifiable risks
  • Nonmodifiable risks
• Modifiable risk factors


  Aspects of health risk over which an individual has some control
• Nonmodifiable risk factors


  Aspects of risk over which one has little or no control
• Risk reduction


  Proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health
• Risk communication


  Process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health
• In 2009, about 52% of the deaths in the Philippines were attributed to conditions related to lifestyle factors: diseases of the heart, cerebrovascular diseases, malignant neoplasm, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus

  
• Healthy diet


  Contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and some cancers

  
• The problem of being overweight and obese in the Philippines is alarmingly increasing, affecting about 7 out of 10 women and about 1 out of 10 men
• Android or apple-shaped obesity

  Characterized by abdominal fat accumulation measured using waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
• WHR equal to or more than 1.0 in men or equal to or more than 0.85 in women indicates android or apple-shaped obesity
• Apple-type obesity among Filipinos carries a significantly increased risk of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular diseases, leading to thousands of deaths annually
• Only 35% of consumers usually read product labels when buying processed foods, with nearly 54% admitting they do not
• Among those who do read labels, approximately 46% focus on nutrition facts, highlighting the importance of diet education in health promotion

  
• Factors contributing to overweight and obesity

  • Imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity
  • Metabolism
  • Genetics
  • Behavior
  • Environment
  • Culture
  • Socioeconomic status
• Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos

  • Eat a variety of foods every day
  • Breastfeed infants exclusively from birth to 4-6 months and then give appropriate foods while continuing breastfeeding
  • Maintain children's normal growth through proper diet and monitor their growth regularly
  • Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, or dried beans
  • Eat more vegetables, fruits, and root crops
  • Eat foods cooked in edible/cooking oil daily
  • Consume milk, milk products, and other calcium-rich foods such as small fish and dark green leafy vegetables every day
  • Use iodized salt, but avoid excessive intake of salty foods
  • Eat clean and safe food
  • For a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition, exercise regularly, do not smoke, and avoid drinking alcoholic beverages

  
• Portions served in restaurants are larger than portions served at home, and when presented with a large portion size, individuals often unknowingly eat larger amounts than they would usually eat or than they intend to eat
• Reasons for overeating when eating away from home

  • Foods presented in restaurants are high in energy density (high number of calories for a particular weight of food)
  • Restaurant foods are very palatable, and a wide variety of food to choose from
  • We want to get more food for our money, so we order the large entrées or main courses
• Approximately 92.7% of Filipino adults aged 20 and above engage in low leisure-related physical activities, and 94.5% have low travel-related physical activity, indicating that Filipino adults tend to be generally inactive
• Parameters applied in the walkability survey by Clean Air Asia

  • Walking path modal conflict
  • Availability of walking paths
  • Availability of crossings
  • Grade crossing safety
  • Motorist behavior
  • Amenities
  • Disability infrastructure
  • Obstructions
  • Security from crime
• Research has found that one's environment is a significant factor in health promotion
• Sleep needs by age

  • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5 - 18 hours
  • Infants (3-11 months): 10 - 12 hours during night and 30 minutes to two hour naps, one to four times a day
  • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12 - 14 hours
  • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11 - 13 hours
  • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10 - 11 hours
  • Teens (11-17): 8.5 - 9.25 hours
  • Adults: 7 - 9 hours
  • Older adults: 7 - 9 hours

  
• Sleep is an essential component of chronic disease prevention and health promotion, yet 74% of adults report having a sleeping problem one or more nights per week

  
• Practices of sleep hygiene

  • Avoid caffeine and nicotine close to bedtime
• Factors in health promotion

  • infrastructure
  • Obstructions
  • Security from crime