BIO 4

• Energy


  Can be converted into different forms but is conserved (total amount remains the constant)
• Falling brick


  • Raised brick has potential energy due to pull of gravity
  • Falling brick has kinetic energy
  • Heat is released when brick hits floor
• Energy conversion


  Potential energy due to position→ kinetic energy→ heat energy
• Free Energy (G)


  The energy available in a molecule that can be used for useful work; change from reactants to products
• Exergonic reactions


  • Release energy; occur without a continuous input of energy= spontaneous reaction; ΔG <0, product has less energy than reactants
• Exergonic reaction


  • Reactant=walnut
  • Product=burnt walnut
• Endergonic reactions


  • Require energy; occur with a continuous input of energy= non-spontaneous reaction; ΔG >0, product has more energy than reactants
• Anabolic reactions


  Small molecules assemble into large ones, energy is required
• Anabolic reaction


  • Photosynthesis (CO2+H2O+sun=glucose)
  • Nucleotides→DNA
• Catabolic reactions


  Large molecules break down into small ones, energy is released
• Catabolic reaction


  • Food→glucose→CO2+H2O+energy
• ATP hydrolysis


  Breaking bonds and releasing energy
• ATP


  Unique RNA molecule, gives it more energy
• Phosphate groups in ATP

  Negatively charged–negatively charged; like positively charged things
• ADP


  Result of breaking ATP bonds, and energy was released
• Activation Energy


  Amount of energy needed for reactions to happen
• Enzymes


  Protein that help decrease activation energy, catalyzes chemical reaction
• Enzymes


  • Have a binding site called the active site
  • Are highly specific to its reactants= substrate
  • Form an enzyme-substrate complex and eventually product will be released
  • Are not altered during reactions and can be reused
  • Always end in -ase
• Product/molecule is the only thing that is changing, not the enzyme
• Competitive Inhibitors


  Bind to the active site of an enzyme, preventing substrate binding
• Allosteric Regulation


  Substrate bonds to a nonactive site of enzyme and prevents the enzyme from binding to other things; involves the binding of a small regulatory molecule to a site other than the active site to activate or inhibit an enzyme. Binding of regulatory molecule changes the shape of the enzyme
• Feedback Inhibition


  Adding enzymes, binding substrates, releasing to create another substrate
• Photosynthesis


  CO2+H2O+Energy (sunlight) → Glucose +O2
• Autotrophs


  Plants make their own sugar (food)
• Cellular Respiration


  Glucose +O2 → CO2+H2O+ Energy (ATP)
• Photosynthesis


  1. Light dependent reactions

  2. Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
• Thylakoid membranes


  • Carry pigments to absorb light energy. Chlorophyll is the main light absorbing pigment in plants
• Plants reflect green light, but absorb other spectrums of light</b>
• Light reactions produce the ATP and NADPH required for Calvin cycle
• Water becomes oxygen in photosynthesis
• Calvin Cycle


  1. Carbon fixation

  2. Reduction

  3. Regeneration
• Rubiso enzyme


  Brings CO2 into the Calvin Cycle
• Ru BP


  5 carbon molecule; when binds creates 6 carbon molecule, that then breaks in half leaving two 3 carbon molecules
• Light reactions provide ATP and NADPH molecules to bind and give energy to 3 carbon molecules and reduce them (put electrons into the molecules) making them more negative
• Purpose of light dependent reaction in photosynthesis is: To transform light energy into usable energy (ATP/NADPH)
• Mitochondria


  Powerhouse of the cell, location where cellular respiration takes place; produces energy for our body
• NADH


  Stores and carries electrons
• FADH2


  Same as NADH, but body uses it differently
• Electron transport chain


  Create ATP to give energy for the cells
• Phosphorylation


  ADP→ ATP