Contempo

• Usual reasons for being part of a group

  • Similar or mutual interests
  • Mutual protection
  • Support system
• International regions


  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • European Union
  • Warsaw Pact
  • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
  • Asia-Pacific Economic Council (APEC)
  • Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Regionalism


  • A group of countries/states located in a "geographically specified area" or an amalgamation of regions organized to regulate and oversee policies
  • A political process characterized by economic policy and coordination among member countries
• Modalities/reasons for regionalism


  • Military defense
  • Pool resources for trade
  • Assertion of independence from pressures coming from super powers
  • Compulsion to unite to respond to a shared crisis
• New/non-state regionalism


  • These may range from a group of tiny associations to large unions with usually advocates to address a singular issue to a multitude of concerns which may range from food security to defense
  • Dedicated organizations in pursuit of addressing issues
• Composition of state vs non-state regionalism

  • State: State offices or agencies
  • Non-state: NGOs or Civil Society
• Funding and operations of state vs non-state regionalism

  • State: State funded with a central and satellite offices
  • Non-state: Limited funding and rely heavily on partner organizations' participation and network
• Response to issues of state vs non-state regionalism

  • State: Creation of offices to address given concerns within a given priority or acceptable political framework
  • Non-state: Legal and/or Extra-legal lobbying modalities (Ex. Consortium, fora and even demonstrations)
• Challenges of non-state regionalism

  • Offers more technical approach to socio-economic issues compared to politicized approach by many states
  • Discord over concerns of other sectors and state interests (Ex. Church and\or government policies)
• Contemporary challenges to regionalism

  • Militant Nationalism and Populism
  • Disagreements with sovereignty and regional stability
  • Differing visions of regionalism
• Demography


  Study of Population
• Aspects of demography


  • Birth
  • Deaths
  • Income
  • Health
  • Structure of Human Population
• Perils of overpopulation


  • THOMAS MALTHUS "An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)" - World population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply
  • American Biologist PAUL R. ERHLICH and his wife ANNE wrote "The Population Bomb" which argued the population growth of 1970s and 1980s will bring global environmental disasters
  • Promotion of Global Population control to be led by USA
• Measures for population control

  • Chemical Castration
  • Taxing additional child and luxury taxes on child related products
  • Monetary incentives
  • Department of Population and Environment (1955-1975)
• Population growth rate rose from 1.8% per year after World War II, peaking at 2.06% annual growth rate in 1965-1970
• As early as 1958, American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, had already "contraception and sterilization"
• Critics on population control

  BETSY HARTMAN disagrees with the Neo-Malthusian theory and accused the government of using population control as a substitute for social justice and much needed reforms such as land distribution, employment, education and health care
• Feminist perspective on population control


  • Against any form of population control
  • Reproduction is compulsory by nature
  • Unequal distribution of wealth is also the cause of environmental degradation and poverty
• Today's global population is 7.4B, estimated to increase to 9.5B in 2050 and 11.2B in 2100
• Median Age-30.1: Male 29.4 and Female 30.9
• 95% of population growth will take place in developing countries
• World population will stabilize at 9B in 2050
• Migration


  • Movement of people from one place to another
  • Internal migration: Refers to people moving from one area to another within the country
  • International migration: People cross borders of one country to another
• Types of international migration

  • Immigrate-enter another country
  • Emigrate-leave your country for another
  • Overseas workers
  • Illegal immigrants
  • Petitioned migrants-Persons requested from the government
  • Asylum seekers
  • Forcibly displaced -political, economic, security reasons
• Benefits of migration


  Remittances: Sum of money sent from abroad to the home country
• Detriments of migration


  Brain Drain: Emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country
• Human trafficking is the 3rd largest Criminal Activity in the World, with an estimated 21 Million men, women and children as victims of forced labor and $150B profit in 2014
• Integration of migrants


  • Migrants tend to have difficulty in integrating in their new countries due to homesickness and culture shock
• Global migration entails the globalization of people, which is an uneven process and will continue to be one of the major issues of the contemporary world
• Urban Hierarchy


  • Metropolis - 4 million population
  • Megalopolis - 150 million population
  • Eperopolis - 50,000 million population
• Global City


  According to Saskia Sassen, the criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily "economic"
• Global Cities


  • New York
  • Tokyo
  • London
• Global cities are the homes of the world's top stock exchanges
• San Fransisco is the home of the most powerful internet companies (Google, Twitter, and Facebook)
• Indicators for Globality


  • Economic Power
  • Centers of Authority
  • House of Major International Organizations
  • Center of Higher Learning and Culture
• Economic Power


  • Largely determines which cities are global
  • NYSE and Tokyo
  • China (manufacturing center of the world)
  • Shanghai (the world's busiest container port, moving over 33 million container units in 2013)
  • Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the world
• Centers of Authority


  • Washington D.C - White House, Lincoln Memorial, and Washington Monument
• House of Major International Organizations

  • Jakarta - location of the main headquarters of ASEAN
  • New York - United Nations headquarters
  • Brussel, Belgium - European Union headquarters
• Center of Higher Learning and Culture

  • A city's intellectual influence is seen through the influence of the publishing industry
  • New York - New York Times
  • Boston - Harvard University
• Urbanization


  • The economic and demographic growth process of urban centers
  • Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities
  • Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers
  • Economic development causes urbanization
  • There is a positive correlation between economic development and urban population growth