GEO

• Spatial distribution


  Where and how features are spread out - the patterns they create
• Spatial distribution


  • Farming
  • Mining
  • Urban settlements
• Spatial interaction


  The impact that two or more features have on each other - important concept is proximity
• Proximity


  Determines the interaction between geographical features - the closer the features, the greater the interaction
• Spatial interaction


  • Tropical cyclones impacting and changing coastal regions
• Spatial


  The arrangement of features within an area, includes elements such as distance, direction, spacing, shape and frequency
• Map


  Most visible tool to geographer for spatial
• Spatial association


  The relationship between features - refers to which spatial arrangement of features is similar or different
• Spatial association


  • Tectonic plates influence where human settlements occur
• Vulnerability


  The way a hazard or disaster will affect human life and property, to be vulnerable implies that there is a high risk of exposure to hazards and that there is an inability by the community to cope with hazardous event
• Mitigation


  The ways in which the effects of a hazard are reduced or minimized, includes the solutions put forward to also respond to future hazards + disasters
• Duration


  How long a hazard lasts for, includes the duration of actual event and the period of after effects
• The longer a person or community is exposed to a hazard the more significant the impact and higher the risk will be
• Duration


  • Nepal earthquake lasted 50 seconds but caused extensive damage
• Probability


  The likelihood that a hazard event will occur in a particular location within a given time scale
• Patterns of hazard events

  • Cyclical
  • Seasonal
  • Random
• Magnitude


  The measurement of the strength or intensity of a hazard
• Magnitude measurement


  • Earthquake = moment magnitude scale
  • Tropical cyclone = tropical cyclone intensity scale
  • Volcanoes = volcanic explosivity index
• Pandemic


  Worldwide spread of a disease
• Epidemic


  An above increase in the expected number of cases for a disease in a given region or among a specific group of people
• Pandemic


  • COVID 19
• Risk assessment


  Defines the likelihood of harm or damage
• Risk management


  Involves dealing with the short and long term consequences of a hazard and identifying ways to minimize these risks
• Spatial distribution


  Refers to where and how features or objects are arranged on the earths surface - explains how a hazard type is spread across a region or the world and refer to there physical location and how they relate
• Temporal distribution


  Is concerned with examining the distribution of these types of hazards over time and how long these events my typically last
• Scale of spatial impact


  Refers to the area impacted on, or the extent of the hazard
• Scale of spatial impact

  • Earthquake that can affect 100's km and a tsunami that may influence 1000's km
• Natural hazard


  Has the potential to cause loss of life and damage to property
• Natural disaster


  Refers to serious disruptions to a community or region resulting in extreme impacts on human life and property
• Hazard geography


  The study of natural and human factors that produce hazards - involves the study of what hazards are and the factors that produce hazards. Also examines response to hazards
• Importance of studying natural hazards includes examining the processes operating within the different spheres to study the different types of hazards, attempt to predict when and where they may occur, and how communities can reduce the risk of harm or damage from hazard events
• Volcanic explosive index


  Describes the size of explosive volcanic eruptions based on magnitude + intensity - is a logarithmic scale (0-8) and is generally analogous to the Richter scale
• Volume of products, eruption cloud height, qualitative observations (using terms ranging from gentle to mega colossal) used to determine explosive index
• Moment magnitude scale


  Based on the total amount of moment release of an earthquake, moment is a product of the distance, fault movement and force required to move it
• Moment magnitude estimates are about the same as the Richter magnitudes for small to large earthquakes but only moment mag scale is capable of measuring mag 8 and greater events accurately. also, logarithmic scale
• Broad groups of hazards

  • Natural
  • Human/anthropogenic, technological
• Natural hazards


  Extreme geophysical events which exceeds normal expectations in terms of their impact and frequency
• Types of natural hazards

  • Geomorphic
  • Hydrological
  • Atmospheric
• Geomorphic hazards


  Created by the movement of the earths surface or crust - driven by geological processes of the earth, particularly tectonic plates
• Geomorphic hazards


  • Tsunamis
  • Volcanoes
  • Landslides