Geography GCSE Paper 2

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Created by
Hafsa

Cards (96)

  • Top Down Mexico City
    - air pollution = monitoring programme
    = green management
    - waste = massive farmers market
    = bring recyclable waste
    = " green points "
    = redeem vouchers for seasonal produce
  • Population Desnity

    Number of people per unit square km
  • Water security

    Is the security of water in areas that lack in water; mostly rural areas ( water-borne diseases)
  • Food security

    The security of food production to allow populations of people enough food to lead a healthy, active life (health=no work)
  • HDI

    - human development index
    - complete picture of the differences in development
    - life expectancy , birth rate, literacy rate
  • GDP

    - gross domestic product
    - the total value of goos and services produced within a country in a year
    - GDP/population number
  • PCI

    - political corruption index
    - countries where the quality of government is poor ( high level of corruption)
  • Quality of Life - ECONOMIC FACTORS

    - average wealth or income
    - growth rate of an economy
    - trade surplus
    - unemployment rates
  • Quality of Life - SOCIAL FACTORS
    - health
    - education
    - housing
    - equity
  • Quality of Life - CULTURAL FACTORS

    - how happy people are with their place in the world
    - shaped by democratisation
    - balances traditional cultures
  • Quality of Life - TECH FACTORS

    - electrification
    - internet access
    - efficiency gains in industry & farming
  • GDHI

    -gross disposable household income
    - how much money a family has left after paying the bills
  • North/South divide

    North = poorer
    - many businesses choosing to set up in the South
    - creates a large divide in wealth and social and economic conditions
  • Development Gaps

    - job availability
    - education access
    - healthcare
    - food&water
    -technology access
    - housing
  • International strategies to reduce uneven development
    - bilateral aid
    - multilateral aid
    - official&voluntary aid
    - voluntary aid
    - international governmental agreements
  • Aid

    =assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates
  • Bilateral aid

    One government to another government , with attached agreements (USA to Europe)
  • Multilateral Aid

    Developed countries give money to international organisations such as The World Bank. The money is then redistributed to poorer countries as loans.
  • Official & Voluntary Aid
    - governments such as UK and USA provide money which charity organisations can bid for to develop aid projects in different countries of the world
  • Voluntary aid

    Money raised from donations and charities
  • International governmental agreements

    Agreements between developed world nations to work together to provide aid for developing countries
  • Top Down Development

    - large scale
    - directly benefit local communities
    - funding from Banks/TNCs
    - uses complex tech ( energy intensive and difficult to fix )
    - planned and managed by government
  • Bottom Up Development

    - small scale
    - often creates problems for local communities
    - only short term
    - funding from NGOs
    - uses basic tech that can be fixed easily
    - planned and managed by local people
  • Core periphery model

    ————-> = decisions, services, goods
    <————- = workers, raw materials, capital
  • Core

    = highly developed
    = centrally located
    = excellent range of services and job opportunities
    ( MUMBAI )
  • Periphery

    = distant location
    = poor access to prosperous markets
    = low standards of living
    ( BIHAR )
  • Mumbai Facts

    - largest and wealthiest city in India
    - 7% of India's GDP
    - dynamic industries that generate high volume of exports
  • Mumbai explanation

    = fertile soils
    = located near important trade markets
    = good communication links
    = healthy, warm climate
    = port access that provide important trade routes
  • Bihar facts

    - 26/100 India's poorest districts
    - 80% people live in rural areas
    - poor education and high birth rates
    - many work as arm labourers
    - government is more corrupt than other parts of India
  • Bihar explanation

    = poor soil
    = distant from core and trade routes
    = difficult communications
    = prone to diseases ( healthcare )
    = climate hazards ( drought )
  • Economic sectors

    1) primary ( extraction )
    2) secondary ( manufacturing )
    3) tertiary ( services and sales )
  • India : TRADE

    - trades with USA & Europe
    - opened many routes to trade around the world
    - mostly imports crude oil, plastics, electronics
    - mostly exports Petro products, gems, fabrics
  • India : AID ( Project Shakti )
    - bottom up
    - increases household income by 20%
    - improves self confidence and worth for 75,000 women
  • India : AID ( Sardar Sarova Dam )

    - top down
    - world bank
    - aimed to increase irrigation & hydroelectricity
    - displaced 300,000 people
    - environmental concerns
  • Private Investment

    Run by companies ( TNC ) ( more efficient )
  • Public investment

    Run by government ( more wasteful )
  • Population structure

    Shows how a country is made up of people of different ages and genders
  • Population Pyramids

    Wide base = high birth rate ( LIC )
    Narrow base = low birth rate (HIC)
    steep = low death rate ( HIC )
    angled = high death rate ( LIC )
  • Economic development on India's social factors
    - Inequality ( gender/age/race )
    -Education ( high priority & free )
    - Middle Class Growing ( urbanisation )
  • Geopolitical Relationships

    - branch of political geography
    - deals with strategic aspects of states
    - important role of decision making