geo paper 1

• There are varying rock types within the UK - the main three are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic
• Sedimentary rocks


  • Formed by compression of oceans and lakes compressing small grains and particles together
  • Examples: limestone, chalk, sandstone
  • Often have layers and may contain fossils
  • Easier to erode
• Igneous rocks


  • Formed from volcanic eruptions
  • Examples: granite, basalt
  • Very hard and resistant to erosion
  • May have crystals or bubbles depending on formation
• Metamorphic rocks


  • Originally sedimentary or igneous but transformed by heat and pressure
  • Examples: schist, slate
  • Can be seen in thin layers and may contain altered fossils
  • Can be resistant but also break along layers
• Dartmoor and Cairngorms are examples of igneous rock, not metamorphic rock
• Upland landscapes


  • Made of hard-wearing granite
  • Mountainous and highland areas due to glacial erosion
  • Thin soils and harsh climate
  • Little human activity beyond recreation
• Limestone landscapes


  • Sedimentary rock more resistant than other sedimentary rocks
  • Found 600-800m above sea level
  • Formed by glaciers, rivers and solution erosion
  • Features include steep valleys, disappearing rivers, limestone pavements
• Chalk and clay landscapes

  • Chalk is more resistant to erosion than clay
  • Chalk hills and clay valleys
  • Scarp slope and gentle dip slope
  • Sheep grazing on pastures, crops on clay
  • Springs appear in clay
• Higher and steeper land

  Used for recreation and forestry
• Lower and flatter land

  Used for agriculture, settlements, transport routes
• Maps show key features like grid lines, contours, streams, rocky outcrops that indicate different landscape types
• Chalk and clay landscape

  • Steep scarp slope, gentle dip slope, dried up streams at base of chalk
• Granite upland landscape


  • High altitude, steep slopes, rocky outcrops/tors, limited human activity
• The main types of renewable energy are solar, wind, hydroelectricity, tidal power, wave power, biomass, and geothermal.
• Renewables have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels as an energy source.
• Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells.
• Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells made from silicon or other materials.
• Wind turbines generate electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of moving air to turn blades connected to generators.
• Hydroelectric dams store water behind them and release it through turbines when needed to produce electricity.
• Wind turbines generate electricity when the blades rotate due to the force of the wind.
• Hydroelectric dams store water behind them and release it through turbines to produce electricity.
• Wind turbines generate electricity from kinetic energy produced by moving air.
• Wind turbines generate electricity when the blades rotate due to wind speed.
• Hydroelectric dams store water behind them and release it to turn turbines that produce electricity.
• Hydroelectric dams harness the energy of falling water to produce electricity.
• Tidal barrages use the rise and fall of tides to turn turbines and generate electricity.
• Tidal barrages use the rise and fall of tides to drive turbines and generate electricity.
• Tidal barrages use the rise and fall of tides to drive turbines that generate electricity.
• Hydroelectric dams store water behind them and release it to flow downhill through turbines that generate electricity.
• Geothermal power plants use heat generated within the earth's crust to create steam, which drives turbines that generate electricity.
• Geothermal power plants use heat generated within the Earth's crust to create steam, which drives turbines that generate electricity.
• Wave farms consist of arrays of buoys or floats attached to underwater turbines that capture the motion of waves to generate electricity.
• Biomass is organic matter such as wood, crops, or waste products burned to produce heat, which can be used to generate electricity.