Biology

• Evolution


  A process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time
• Evolution


  Reflects the adaptions of organisms to their changing environments and can result in altered genes, novel traits, and new species
• Aristotle; 350 BCE


  Species are identical. They tend to remain the same species and can be arranged hierarchically
• George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon; AD 1749


  As species change, they migrate to another environment resulting in their distribution
• Charles Darwin; 1974


  Species evolved from one common ancestor
• Jean Baptiste Lamarc; 1809


  Species evolved from an existing species through environmental process. Traits can be passed to the next generation
• Charles Lyell; 1830


  All changes in the environment are uniform and gradual
• Alfred Russel Wallace; 1859


  Species evolved from the process of natural selection which cause variation within the population
• Theory of Acquired Characteristic


  Sometimes called theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristic or "soft inheritance"; Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• Theory of Acquired Characteristic


  Holds that an organism experiencing a modification can transmit such a character to its offspring; Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• Theory of Use and Disuse 


  Parts of the organism that is regularly used will undergo hypertrophy and will be developed; Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• Theory of Need


  Changes in the environment can arise to new needs, required for species' survival; Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• "Survival of the Fittest"


  Descended with modification - species has descended and change over time; Charles Darwin
• "Survival of the Fittest"


  Proposed by Charles Darwin which mean organisms adapt to its environment and survive
• Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection


  Process through which population of living organisms adapt and change
• Theory of Evolution by Artificial Selection


  Identification of desirable traits by human to perpetuate it to future generations
• Gene flow


  Introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of species to another
• Genetic drift


  The frequency of a trait changes by chance randomly
• Mutation 


  Genes are damaged of changed that alter the DNA sequence
• Fossil record


  Different traces or remains of an organism changed over time and preserved by natural processes
• Artificial selection


  Species variation occurred through mutation and sexual reproduction, but humans select features that are beneficial
• Geographic distribution


  Organisms that are closely related yet different species live in different geographic locations evolved similarly and adapt to some environment
• Geographic distribution


  Organisms from a prior geographic region that were closely related but different species travelled into surrounding habitats and evolved in these far apart geographic regions
• Homologous structure


  Different organisms' structure evolve from a common ancestor
• Analogous structure


  Structures in various species evolved independently yet serve the same or similar functions
• Vestigial organ


  Physical and behavioral characteristic of organisms that have no longer used over time
• Embryology


  Embryos of vertebrates develop in the same way
• Embryology

  Human embryo has a tail at the 4th week which disappears during the 8th week
• Embryology

  Pharyngeal pouches become gills in fish, parts of throat/ears in humans