MUSIC ACHIEVEMENT

• Impressionism


  One of the early yet tangible manifestations marking the arrival of twentieth-century music, a French trend in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
• The earlier Romantic Period's romantic melodies and dramatic emotionalism were being replaced with emotions and feelings, colors and effects used extensively, as are hazy melodies and inventive chords and progressions that lead to slight dissonances
• Impressionism


  • Led by French composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel
  • They created a distinctive compositional style followed by numerous twentieth-century composers
• Other notable Impressionism figures

  • Ottorino Respighi (Italy)
  • Manuel de Falla and Isaac Albeniz (Spain)
  • Ralph Vaughan Williams (England)
• Characteristics of Impressionism


  • Melodic characteristics varying from short dabs of sound to long, free flowing lines
  • Harmonic characteristics primarily homophonic and frequently moving in parallel motion
  • Rhythmic characteristics usually free and flexible with irregular accents and rhythmic ostinatos used to give feeling of stasis rather than movement
  • Modal influences emphasizing primary intervals; octaves, fourths, and fifths in parallel motion
  • Whole-tone scale dividing the octave into equal major/minor system leading to obscured fluidity
  • Pentatonic scale sounded when the black keys of the piano are struck
  • Escaped chords giving the impression of having escaped to another tonality
• Claude Debussy


  One of the most significant and influential figures of the twentieth century, the main proponent and focal point for additional impressionist movements, he altered the path of musical history through the incorporation of old rules and customs into a new language of possibilities in terms of harmony, rhythm, and form, color and texture
• La Mer


  Debussy's most popular and widely performed concert work, three orchestral 'symphonic sketches' capturing Debussy's almost superhuman ability to translate the play of light on the water and the sea's place in the natural world into musical sound, a pioneering work of musical impressionism
• Maurice Ravel


  Full name Joseph Maurice Ravel, born in the French town of Ciboure to a Basque mother and a Swiss father, studied at the Paris Conservatory under the renowned French composer Gabriel Faure, created several masterpieces during his time at the school
• Some compositions of Ravel


  • Menuet Antique (1895)
  • Sonatine (1905)
  • String Quartet (1902)
  • Piano Concerto in G (1930)
  • Jeux d'eaux (1901)
• Bolero


  Ravel's most famous composition and one of the most frequently performed works of the 20th century, featured in many films and used by British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean at the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics
• Expressionism


  Originally used for literary pieces, focusing on inner amber, more on dissonant expressions or emotions through anger, grief, and despair
• Features of Expressionism


  • High degree of dissonance
  • Extreme contrasts of dynamics from pianissimo to fortissimo
  • Constant changing of textures
  • Distorted melodies and harmonies
  • Angular melodies with wide leaps
• Expressionistic music expresses straight emotions or darker emotions
• Arnold Schoenberg


  Born in a working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria, taught himself music theory but took lessons in counterpoint, his works greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner
• Works of Arnold Schoenberg


  • Verklarte Nacht
  • Three Pieces for Piano, op 11
  • Pierrot Lunaire
  • Violin Concerto
  • Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein
• Moses Und Aron


  Famous composition of Arnold Schoenberg
• Igor Stravinsky


  Born in Lomonosov, Russia, reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, in his early music, but his first notable composition "The Firebird Suite (1910)" showed his skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness
• Works of Igor Stravinsky

  • Ballet Petrouchka (1911)
  • The Nightingale (1914)
  • Three Tales for Children (1917)
  • Pulcinella (1920)
  • Duo Concertant (1932)
  • The Rake's Progress (1951)
• The Rite of Spring


  Famous composition of Igor Stravinsky
• African Music


  • Maracatu
  • Blues
  • Soul
  • Spiritual
  • Call and Response
• Latin-American Music


  • Ballad
  • Bossa Nova
  • Tango
  • Jazz Rock
  • Hip-Hop
  • Rock
  • Reggae
• Afro-Latin American music can be traced during the European colonization and slave trade in Africa, with Latin America comprising different regions such as Caribbean Islands, Mexico, and Central and South Americans which are diversified cultures of the Europeans, Moors, Mexicans, and other tribes in Africa
• Their music is identified by their rhythms, which they adapted from the elements of Moorish music and other African and Caribbean music in the slave trade from 1550 to 1880
• The enslaved Moors of North America in 1776 were prohibited from playing drums, but in the Congo Square in New Orleans, Caribbean slaves were free to play their drums for recreation and entertainment and also for communication, calling them "talking drums"
• By the 18th and 19th centuries, African Music started through the spread, development, and canonizing of rhythm in the Caribbean, and during this period another art containing a rich mix of musical cultures was born in North America - Jazz
• Jazz incorporated drums and rhythms from Africa, use of cymbals from India, and combination with the harmony, instruments, and musical syncopation
• The unique musical culture in Caribbean countries includes Latin rhythms and dances like habanera & bolero in Cuba, samba & bossa nova in Brazil, and tango in Argentina, leading to the existence of rich music and dance-like jazz, tango, cha-cha, rumba, foxtrot, and paso doble
• Characteristics of Afro-Latin American Music

  • Conversation (Call and Response) - a performance of voice interaction as an answer to the first chant
  • Improvisation - non-scripted ways of singing which allow for since conversations, a framework where the artist has freedom in creating the musical mood
  • The Voice as an Instrument - the manipulation of freely controlled piece where they can change the tone
• Jazz


  Incorporation of drums and rhythms from Africa, use of cymbals from India, combination with the harmony, instruments, and musical syncopation
• Musical cultures in Caribbean countries

  • habanera & bolero in Cuba
  • samba & bosa nova in Brazil
  • tango in Argentina
• The existence of rich music and dance-like jazz, tango, cha-cha, rumba, foxtrot, and paso doble
• Characteristics of Afro-Latin American music

  • Conversation (call and response)
  • Improvisation
  • The voice as an instrument
  • The instrument as a voice
• African music


  • Rich and diverse cultural heritage that exists in hundreds of different languages
  • Always has the technique of "call and response"
  • Usually performed by singing and using percussion instruments played either by hands or with the sticks, drums, and others
  • Used for communication to convey news, to teach, to tell a story, and for religious purposes
• Maracatu


  The ceremony of the Coronation of the Black kings in 1674 in Recife
• Other vocal forms of African music

  • Blues
  • Soul
  • Spiritual
  • Call and response
• Filipino traditional music reflects the way of life beliefs, and traditions of the rural folks. This type of music usually glorifies the beauty of nature and man's strong connection with his environment
• Characteristics of traditional Philippine music

  • Empowerment of diatonic scale rather than the usual Asian pentatonic scale
  • Influenced by other cultures as a result of either intercultural meeting of colonization
• Classifications of OPM or traditional Philippine music

  • Ethnic
  • Hispanic
  • Filipino
• Ethnic music


  • Cantata
  • Acapella
  • Sonata
• Kulintang


  • The Muslim's Kulintang is an ensemble composed of a set of eight gongs of graduated sizes arranged in a row
  • The kulintang includes gandingan (a set of suspended gongs), agung (a tubular drum) and a banbandil (a small gong)
  • Kulintang music is used for celebratory occasions such as festivals, weddings, engagement parties, and baptisms, as well as in musical competitions