topic 4

• The implementation of European sanctions by the European Community in 1985 and US economic sanctions by the US Congress in 1986 led to Botha's decision to negotiate
• The impact of economic sanctions, especially by the banking sector 1985–86 led to Botha's negotiations
• Sanctions by individual companies boycotting trade with South Africa after concerns were expressed by their consumers, such as Pepsi led to Botha deciding to negotiate
• there was International media publicity such as artists against apartheid who used their music to highlight the injustices of apartheid. Their songs often contained coded messages of resistance
• it was the failure of total strategy that led to Botha's decision to negotiate with Mandela
• total strategy failed because the Economy was struggling, World opinions hardened against South Africa, there was No end to violence in townships, Security forces unable to prevent acts of terror, and there was Dissent within Botha's government
• total strategy by Botha was to maintain a strong military and to keep the economy stable and face communism which was seen as a threat
• south africa was facing difficulties because of economic difficulties due to high levels of unemployment and poverty due to apartheid failing