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• The Best Ways To Learn English

  • Take a course
  • Learn English grammar
  • Learn a new English word every day
  • Make an English-speaking friend
  • Read a book written in English
  • Watch an English movie
  • Purchase a computer program
• Work on perfecting your accent

  Improve pronunciation
• Periods of English Language History

  • Old English (449-1100)
  • Middle English (1100-1500)
  • Modern English (1500-present)
• Old English


  • Language of the Anglo-Saxon Germanic inhabitants of England
  • Influenced by Old Norse
• Middle English


  • Influenced by French and Latin vocabulary
• Modern English


  • Defined as the English language since about 1450 or 1500
• Indo-European Language Families


  • Hellenic: Ancient Greek, Modern Greek
  • Italic: Latin, Romance Languages
  • Germanic: English, German, Dutch, Scandinavian
  • Celtic: Irish, Welsh, Breton
• Celts


  Original inhabitants of the British Isles
• Dialect


  Variation of a language
• Case


  Choice of word form depending on function in sentence
• Standardization


  Ideal norm or model of language usage
• Mutually Intelligible Language


  Languages distinct from each other
• Types of Academic and Professional Writing

  • Academic essays, theses, dissertations, library research
  • Instructional materials, specifications, brochures, business correspondence, business and technical reports
• Similarities between Academic and Professional Writing

  • Incorporate composing by individuals who need to convey academic, professional, and technical information
  • Require you to formulate your ideas clearly
• Differences between Academic and Professional Writing

  • Academic writing is to showcase research and expertise, professional writing is to influence or convince
  • Audience is typically different
  • Professional documents can have a different tone than academic works
• Characteristics of Academic Writing


  • Students
  • Academic Setting
  • Impersonal and formal
  • Specific field of study
  • Citation and referencing are essential
  • Follows guidelines for language use and mechanics
  • Done to showcase research and expertise
• Characteristics of Professional Writing

  • Professionals
  • Business and technical writing
  • Business English and more personal tone
  • Business and technical content
  • Does not require extensive citations
  • Avoids emoticons, contractions, exclamations
  • Done to influence or convince
• General Tips for Academic Text

  • Follow the basics of the writing process
  • Use quotations sparingly, paraphrase
  • Avoid an imperative tone
  • Avoid excessive formatting
  • Be consistent with English usage
  • Plan writing assignments carefully
• General Tips for Professional Text

  • Follow the basics of the writing process
  • Anticipate reader's beliefs, values, motivations, objections
  • Adjust language based on relationship with receiver
  • Study and incorporate organizational format
  • Avoid excessive formatting
  • Be consistent with English usage
• Reading


  Locating, understanding, evaluating and using written information
• Reading (as a skill)

  • Decoding process of breaking down written codes
  • Comprehension process of interacting with text to derive meaning
• Reading Strategies

  • Skimming (gist reading)
  • Scanning (quickly finding specific information)
  • Intensive Reading (in-depth study)
  • Extensive Reading (reading for pleasure)
• Text Structures


  • Narration (presenting action)
  • Definition (explaining unfamiliar terms)
  • Classification (combining items into categories)
  • Comparison and Contrast (identifying similarities and differences)
  • Cause and Effect (explaining reasons and results)
• Language Use


  Appropriate word choice, writer's tone (subjective or objective), converting informal to formal language
• Thesis Statement


  Central idea of a multi-paragraph composition, states something about the topic
• Characteristics of a Thesis Statement


  • Covers the topic
  • Lets the reader know what to expect
  • Usually appears in the introduction
  • Helps organize and develop the paper
• Considerations in Identifying Thesis Statement

  • Claim
  • Evidence
  • Significance
• How to Write an Effective Thesis Statement

  • Written as a complete sentence with a clear subject
  • Not too narrow or too broad, contains at least two details
  • Avoids stating the obvious
  • Details have the same level of significance
  • States more than just a fact
• Precis


  A summarized version of a longer text
• Steps in Writing a Critical Summary

  • Read and re-read the original text carefully
  • Resist the urge to argue or critique right away
  • Avoid excessive quotations
• Abstract


  Highlights key content, research purpose, relevance, and main outcomes in a maximum of 250 words
• Why Write an Abstract

  • For bibliographical databases, indexing published papers, detailing points in a full paper
  • Required for journal article submissions, research grant applications, thesis completion, conference proposals
• Sections of an Abstract

  • Reason of Writing
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Problems
  • Implications
• Precis

  A French word that means "exact" and "terse", a summarized version of a speech, a publication, a journal, a thesis, or any other long textual outputs
• Steps in Writing a Critical Summary

  1. Read and re-read the original text carefully

  2. Resist the urge to argue or critique right away

  3. Try to avoid excessive quotations
• Abstract


  Highlights key content areas, research purpose, relevance or importance of your work and the main outcomes, usually composed with a maximum of 250 words, indented and single spaced, outlines briefly all parts of the paper
• Why Write an Abstract

  • Bibliographical databases to search for titles and keywords
  • Indexing a published paper
  • Detailing points, analyses, and arguments in a full paper
• When an Abstract is Required

  • Submission of articles to journals
  • Application for research grants
  • Completion and submission of theses
  • Submission of proposals for conference papers
• 5 Sections of Abstract

  • Reason of writing
  • Problem
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Implications
• Writing an Abstract


  1. Introduction - Indicate the topic of the paper in one sentence, be direct and on-point

  2. Statement of the Problem - This can be separated and at the same time included with the topic, must be clear enough to avoid ambiguity on the part of the readers and for skimming to be fast-paced

  3. Summary - Explain why nobody else had adequately answered the research question yet

  4. Research Questions - Explain in one sentence how you tackled the research questions

  5. The Big Idea - Explain this in the part the idea or motivate the result/s purports to the benefit of the wider whole

  6. General Impact - Explain the suggestions that you may think