4b.9 changes to the built environment benefit and hostility

• changes to the built environment mirror the demographic of the area e.g., building places of worship
• locals seek continuity and in-migrants seek change
• locals that seek continuity see that changes to the built environment threaten their culture
• hostility of locals can lead to social exclusion of migrants
• Bristol Social Exclusion Index measures social exlcusion
• social exclusion blocks migrants from having the same opportunities as locals and marginalises them
• Social exclusion leads to tensions - tensions leads to conflict - 70% of hate crimes are racially motivated - London Riots 2011
• tensions caused by changes to the built environment are exacerbated by under lying deprivation and poverty
• Glasgow - 42 mosques - largest Muslim population in Scotland - tensions between locals and in-migrants
• regeneration projects have causes tension e.g., London Docklands
• different players have different attitudes toward change
• 43% of Glasgow live in areas of deprivation
• improvements in infrastructure may lead compulsory purchase orders which displace local residents - increased transport may be needed with increased volumes of in-migrants
• in-migrants require housing - government increase commercial development to tackle housing crisis - good for in-migrants but locals may resent change - NIMBYism - eyesore - high rise blocks of flats
• regeneration can lead to gentrification
• locals may see that change is needed because of their lived experiences but this depends on the player
• changes to the built environment can be TOP DOWN which can cause tensions between local residents and urban planners or governments
• the LDDC was a top down change to regenerate the London Docklands but it was controversial - East Enders say there is a disconnect between those regenerating and those living there - different lived experiences that alter the perception of a place
• East London needed regenerating after de-industrialisation - 120,000 jobs lost - spiral of decline
• Despite regeneration there is still poverty in Newham - one of most deprived boroughs in London
• Newham is the most ethnically diverse borough
• Changes to london dockland has caused tensions between 'original east enders' and 'new east enders' - age and wealth are contributing factors
• changes lead to tensions

  gentrification

  loss of character

  conflict between OGs and newcomers
• 85% of the UK population live in urban areas - there is a need for changes to the built env to accommodate this
• redevelopment - new islington - competition for space - push OGs out - forced relocation
• redevelopment - destroy old buildings and replace them with new ones
• London Dockland was regenerated - banking district with Canary Wharf
• TNCs fund changes to land
• TNCs fund commercial development - e.g., shopping centres - this can diversify the area - entrepreneurial migrants can contribute to cultural hybridisation - but large TNCs can compete for space and local businesses may suffer
• New housing - tackle housing crisis - not practical for the needs of the local people - high rise buildings not suitable elderly residents
• housing price soared in East London - increased the amount of people on the list for social housing - 20,000 on the list in Tower Hamlets