Electronics

• ROBOT


  A system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task
• sensing

  • sensing First of all your robot would have to be able to sense its surroundingsof all your robot would have to be able to sense its surroundings
• Robotics


  The engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots
• Brass and Bronze


  • are copper alloys occasionally used for structural purposes
• Aluminum


  • A material of choice, basic and light weight
  • It is generally malleable and ductile and takes a high polish
  • Aluminum is non-magnetic, and an excellent electrical and thermal conductor
• Kevlar


  • A synthetic fiber frequently used for bulletproof vests
  • You could use it as a covering on robots that require safeguarding from extreme temperatures. Many heat-resistant gloves feature Kevlar because the material does not melt or drip when exposed to hot environments
• Plastics


  • Widely used structurally as rigid bulk material
  • Tend to be waterproof, corrosion proof, and resistant to chemical attack particularly by acids and bases
  • Examples: acrylic, PVC plastic, Polycarbonate
• Rubber


  • The robotics community defines "soft robots" as machines made of soft-often elastomeric-materials
  • Soft materials have the characteristic of large strain and low stiffness
  • The robots made of soft materials can deform continuously so that they have infinite degrees of freedom and can grab objects with different sizes
• Steel

  • One of the materials utilized most frequently by robot builders
  • Very durable
• Motors

  Convert electrical energy into motion
• Motors


  Convert electrical energy into motion
• Stepper motor

  • Also known as step motor or stepping motor
  • Powered by the motion of alternating currents to create rotational motion and positioning
• Indexer (or controller)


  A microprocessor capable of generating step pulses and direction signals for the driver
• Driver (or amplifier)


  Converts the indexer command signals into the power necessary to energize the motor windings
• How a stepper motor works

  1. One electromagnetic is given power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth

  2. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnetic, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet

  3. The next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one

  4. The process is repeated
• Stepper motors

  • Move in discrete steps
  • Have multiple coils organized in groups called "phases"
  • By energizing each phase in sequence, the motor will rotate, one step at a time
• What are stepper motors good for?

  • Positioning - Precise repeatable steps for applications requiring precise positioning
  • Speed Control - Precise increments of movement allow for excellent control of rotational speed
  • Low Speed Torque - Maximum torque at low speeds
• Stepper motors


  • Low cost
  • High reliability
  • High torque at low speeds
  • Simple
• Applications of stepper motors

  • Industrial machines (CNC machines, milling machines, laser cutters)
  • Computer technology (CD-Roms, DVD players, floppy disk drives, scanners)
  • Printing technology (printers, plotters, 3D printers)
  • Intelligent lightning systems (lasers, optical devices, mirror mounts)
• Servo


  • A small device with an output shaft which positions on coded signal
  • A rotary or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration
• Servomotors use a feedback loop to control the radial position of the motor rotor concerning its stator
• Applications of servomotors


  • Robotic welding in high tech factories
  • Simulation applications like printing press businesses
  • Automatic door openers
  • Defense applications, subsea gas and oil exploration, food and beverage preparation
  • Robotic vehicles
  • Antenna positioning systems
• Sophia


  A robot
• Czech playwright Karel Capek


  made the first use of the word 'robot', from the Czech word for forced labor or serf.
• Isaac Asimov


  The word 'robotics' was first used in Runaround, a short story published in 1942. But it was not until 1956 that a real robot came into existence.
• George C. Devol,

  Norman Schafler

  and Joseph F. Engelberger


  made a serious and commercial effort to produce a robot.

  After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956
• Unimate


  After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956, George C. Devol, Norman Schafler and Joseph F. Engelberger and made a serious and commercial effort to produce a robot. They started a firm named Unimation and succeeded in building the 1 robot named
• Joseph F. Engelberger


  Father of Robotics
• The unimate


  It was first used in General Motors.
• Mobile Robots 


  robots are able to move, usually they perform tasks such as searching
• Walking Robots


  Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky. Most robots have at least 4 legs; usually they have 6.or more.
• Rolling Robots


  have wheels to move around. They can quickly and easily search. However they are only useful in flat areas.
• 2 types of Mobile Robots 


  Rolling Robots

  Walking Robots
• Robot 


  never grows tired; it will perform its duty day and night without ever complaining.
• Industrial Robots


  Most of these robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving.
• Autonomous robots 


  robots are self- supporting. They run a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings.
• Autonomous robots 


  these robots even learn new behavior. They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated
• Autonomous robots 


  In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an is not the right choice
• Remote-Controlled Robots


  A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed.
• Virtual Robots

  Search engines use such kind of robots. They search the World Wide Web and send the information to the search engines.