midterm

• PHILOSOPHY:

  Philo = LOVE

  Sophia = WISDOM

  “Love of Wisdom”
• Two approaches of Philosophy:

  1. Historical Approach
  2. Systematic Approach
• Historical Approach (4):

  1. Ancient Philosophy
  2. Medieval Philosophy
  3. Modern Philosophy
  4. Post Modern/ Contemporary Philosophy
• Ancient Philosophy — at Ancient Greece
• The Triumvirate Philosophers:

  • Socrates

  • Plato

  • Aristotle
• Ancient Greek Religion:

  POLYTHEISTIC — gods & goddesses
• Zeus: father of the gods; lighting

  Poseidon: sea; big waves & storm

  Hades: underworld; guards the underworld
• The ancient Greeks believed that these gods (ex: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades) cause the natural cause of things.
• In MILETUS (without the belief of gods/goddesses)
• Thinkers of Miletus (natural philosophers):

  • Thales

  • Anaximenes

  • Anaximander
• Thales — everything in this world is composed of water

  Anaximenes — everything is composed of air

  Anaximander — everything is unlimited: the boundless or “Apeiron”
• Ancient Philosophy — man is trying to find the natural causes of things (nature)
• COSMOCENTRIC — focused on how the world works

  [under Ancient Philosophy]
• MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

  — focused on GOD

  – THEOCENTRIC
• Philosophers: Mostly Saints

  • St. Thomas Aquinas

  • St. Augustine of Hippo

  • St. Anselm
• Muslim, Islam Philosophers

  • Avicenna

  • Averroes

  • Al–Ghazali
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY

  — focused on man himself
• ANTHROPOCENTRIC — man-centered

  [under Modern Philosophy]
• Modern Philosophy Philosophers:

  • Rene Descartes

  • Immanuel Kant

  • Thomas Hobbes
• RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650):

  • Father of Modern Philosophy

  • Soldier, Mathematician, Philosopher

  • “Cogito ergo Sum” (I think therefore I am)
• POST MODERN/ CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY

  • Jacques Derrida

  • Michel Foucault
• Systematic Approach (2):

  1. Theoretical
  2. Practical
• Theoretical (5):

  1. Epistemology
  2. Metaphysics
  3. Philosophy of Religion/ Theodicy
  4. Social Philosophy
  5. Philosophy of Man
• EPISTEMOLOGY — the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge

  “How do you know that you know?”
• METAPHYSICS — the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality

  Meta= Beyond

  Physics= Physical

  (Being)
• PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION/ THEODICY — the philosophical study of the meaning and nature of religion. It includes the analyses of religious concepts, beliefs, terms, arguments, and practices of religious adherents.
• SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY — is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations
• PHILOSOPHY OF MAN —

  “Who am I?”

  “What is my purpose?”
• Practical (2):

  1. Logic
  2. Ethics
• LOGIC — the study of correct reasoning (sound reasoning)
• ETHICS — is a system of moral principles...Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as MORAL PHILOSOPHY (Behaving)
• ETHICS — the practical science of the morality of human conduct
• ETHICS:

  Greek “ethos” — “a characteristic way of acting”
• A - Ethics is a SCIENCE

  B - Ethics is a PRACTICAL SCIENCE

  C - Ethics is a SCIENCE OF HUMAN CONDUCT

  D - Ethics is the SCIENCE OF THE MORALITY OF HUMAN CONDUCT
• ETHICS IS SCIENCE

  SCIENCE — relatively complete and systematical arranged body of connected data together with the causes or reasons by which these data are known to be true

  ETHICS — a complete and systematically arranged body of data which relate to it MORALITY OF HUMAN CONDUCT
• ETHICS IS A PRACTICAL SCIENCE

  • the science is PRACTICAL

  • the science is SPECULATIVE
• the science is PRACTICAL — if the data of a science is DIRECTLY imply rules or directions for thought or action
• the science is SPECULATIVE — if the data of a science enrich the mind WITHOUT DIRECTLY implying the rules or direction
• ETHICS IS A SCIENCE OF HUMAN CONDUCT:

  HUMAN CONDUCT= human activity — deliberate and free
• HUMAN ACT — an act performed WITH ADVERTENCE AND MOTIVE, an act determined by the FREE WILL