11 research

• Research


  It is taken from the word "re", which means again; and "search," meaning to investigate
• Research


  It is derived from the Middle French "recerche" or "the act of searching closely"
• Research Methods


  • Quantitative Method
  • Qualitative Method
• Quantitative Method


  • Explains phenomena by collecting numerical data analyzed using appropriate statistical treatment
  • Emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques
• Qualitative Method


  • Obtains a more holistic picture of what goes on in a particular situation or setting
  • Stresses the socially constructed nature of reality, the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the situational constraints that shape inquiry
  • Reveals a target audience's range of behavior and the perceptions that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues
  • Uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of hypotheses
  • The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive
• Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences: sociology, anthropology, and psychology
• Qualitative methods in the field of marketing research include in-depth interviews with individuals, group discussions (from two [2] to 10 participants is typical); diary and journal exercises; and in-context observations
• Qualitative research sessions may be conducted in person, by telephone, via video conferencing, and via the Internet
• Research proposal


  An academic work that aims to persuade people that the researchers have the integral skills and work plan to complete a research
• Researchers should avoid topics that are too broad, too technical, too constrained in resource materials, and too time-consuming
• Different sections in the research proposal

  • Introduction
  • Literature review
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
• Research Problem


  A universal statement that ensures the rudiments of research
• Research questions that should NOT be considered are: Ethical questions, Yes or no questions, Abstract questions
• Statement of the Problem


  It pertains to the purposefulness of the study. It answers the questions, what does your study intend to prove or explore? Why is there a need to do so?
• Significance of the study


  It is a critical part of the research since the researcher aims to influence the readers into reading the study
• Hypothesis


  A scholarly assumption, designed to define, analyze, and expound a fact or an instinctual phenomenon
• Variable


  An element that is specifically identified in the research hypothesis or questions
• Types of variables

  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
• Independent variable


  The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
• Dependent variable


  The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
• Definition of terminologies


  Unlocks words or expressions crucial in understanding the veracity of your study
• Literature review


  • Frames the entire research analysis
  • Presents a summary of all the pieces of literature obtained and reviewed by the researcher, facilitating the crafting and expansion of the study
  • Affirms the relationship between past studies with present ones, and should address established assumptions that could be of helpful or detrimental to the current study
• Sources for creating a literature review

  • Books
  • Academic journals
  • Newspapers
  • Government publications
  • Conference presentations
  • The World Wide Web
• Documenting the study


  It is the heart of the literature review section – giving credit for every borrowed idea you use on your paper, which also establishes validity of evidence borrowed
• Documenting styles

  • American Psychological Association (APA) format
  • Chicago Manual style of citation
• APA format for in-text citations and reference list


  • First word should be alphabetized; wherein the second line is indented
  • There is no need to write the first and middle names, initials will do
  • For book and article titles, the first word of the title, the word succeeded by a dash or colon, and all proper nouns, are capitalized
  • Titles of books and periodicals should be italicized, and principal terminologies in periodicals capitalized
  • Referenced works in the paper's text will be listed down, except for personal communication
• Notes system


  Usually administered in researches whose nature is of the arts, humanities, and history
• In text parenthetical system


  Administered to studies that are natural, social, and physical science in origin
• Quantitative research


  • To explain and predict
  • To confirm and validate
  • To test theory
• Qualitative research


  • To describe and explain
  • To explore and interpret
  • To build theory
• Differences between quantitative and qualitative research

  • Questions
  • Nature of the research process
  • Data collection
  • Data analysis
  • Communication of findings
• Results and Discussion contains the presentation of the results in a non-text format, such as tables, graphs, or charts
• Conclusions and Recommendations summarize what the research was able to uncover, what the findings suggest, and offer ways on what future research can do to improve on if they want to do something similar to the study