math

• Statistics

  Deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data/information
• Two major areas of Statistics

  • Descriptive
  • Inferential
• Descriptive Statistics


  The collection, presentation and description of sample data
• Inferential Statistics


  Making decisions and drawing conclusions about population
• Data


  The information we gather about the sample of population
• Two Major Parts of Data

  • Qualitative Data
  • Quantitative Data
• Qualitative Data


  Attributes or characteristics of the samples
• Quantitative Data


  Numerical information gathered about the samples
• Two types of Quantitative Data

  • Discrete Data
  • Continuous Data
• Discrete Data


  Values obtained through the process of counting, can only have specific values
• Continuous Data


  Values obtained through the process of measuring or weighing, can take on any value in an interval
• Statistical Question


  A question that can be answered by collecting numerical data that vary
• Types of Data


  • Numerical Data
  • Categorical Data
• Numerical Data


  Data in numerical form, either continuous or discrete
• Categorical Data


  Non-numerical values, such as colors, information, or questions that answer with yes/no, labels etc.
• Statistical Instruments


  • Observation
  • Interviews
  • Focus Group Discussion
  • Open-ended Question
  • Survey
• Observation


  Determining changes in attitude, characteristics, behavior of people and other subjects
• Interviews


  Personally asking questions to people who have authority or expertise to say something about the data needed
• Focus Group Discussion


  To know the thinking, feeling or opinion about a certain phenomenon, idea etc.
• Open-ended Question


  Questions that allow someone to give a free form answer
• Survey


  Data collection method usually covered by the government and other survey organizations
• Levels of Measurement


  • Nominal Variable
  • Ordinal Variable
  • Interval
  • Ratio
• Nominal Variable


  Qualitative variable that categorizes, describes or names
• Ordinal Variable


  Qualitative data that incorporates an ordered position or ranking, but difference between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless
• Interval


  Quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two data values is meaningful and equal, has no inherent zero starting point
• Ratio


  Contains all the features of the other levels, values can be categorized, ordered, have equal intervals and take on an inherent zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present)
• Data Collection Methods


  • Survey
  • Observation of Outcome of Events
  • Experiment
  • Publications
• Survey


  Direct method of gathering data through interviews or indirect method through questionnaires
• Observation of Outcome of Events


  Using different human senses to gather information
• Experiment


  Conducted in laboratories where specimens are subjected to some aspects of control to find out cause and effect relationships
• Publications


  Gathering secondary data from sources like newspapers, journals, books, encyclopedia, magazines
• Cumulative Frequency Distribution


  Represents the sum of a class and all classes below it
• Less than Cumulative Frequency

  Obtained by adding frequency starting from the lowest class interval up to the highest class interval
• Greater than Cumulative Frequency


  Obtained by starting from the opposite direction
• Range


  Computed by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score of a given data or thesis of other researchers
• Frequency Distribution Table


  Used to summarize or organize data through tables
• Frequency


  The number of times a certain number occurs
• Graphical Representation


  Presenting data as graphs makes them easily interpreted and compared, making the data more interesting to the readers
• Line Graph


  Used to represent changes in data over a period of time, such as changes in temperature, income, population, represented by points joined by line segments that may be curved, broken or straight