Adaptive community

• vertebrate’s ability to recognize and then mount a defense against distinct invaders

  Adaptive immunity
• Adaptive immune responses are precisely tailored reactions against specific attackers

  Specificity
• The specific antigen-containing pathogen activates or induces cells of adaptive immunity


  Inducibility
• cells of adaptive immunity proliferate to form many generations of nearly identical cells,


  Clonality
• As a rule, adaptive immunity does not act against normal body cells; in other words, adaptive immune responses are self-tolerant


  Unresponsiveness to self
• An adaptive immune response adapts to respond faster and more effectively in subsequent encounters with a particular type of pathogen or toxin.

  Memory
• it is a type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that acts against specific pathogens.


  lymphocytes
• Initially, lymphocytes of humans form in the -

  red bone marrow
• what are the 2 types of lymphocytes

  T- lymphocytes (T-cells) and B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
• B lymphocytes, which are also called B cells, arise and mature in the _while T cells mature in _


  red bone marrow ; thymus
• a protective protein secreted by descendants of a B cell that recognizes and strongly binds to the specific biochemical shape of the antigen

  antibody
• another term for antibody immune responses is

  humoral immune responses
• The _ is composed of the lymphatic vessels, which conduct the flow of a liquid calledlymph

  lymphatic system
• colorless, watery liquid similar in composition to blood plasma


  lymph
• Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system has no unique pump and is not circular. True or False


  True
• The spleen is similar in structure and function to lymph nodes, except that it filters blood instead of lymph. True or False


  True
• the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack


  antigens
• These are also known as antigenic determinants because they are the actual part of an antigen that determines an immune response


  epitopes
• The most effective antigens are SMALL macromolecules. True or False


  False. The most effective antigens are large foreign macromolecules, such as proteins and glycoproteins, but carbohydrates and lipids can also be antigenic.
• Complex molecules make better antigens than simple ones because they have more epitopes. True or False


  True
• food may containing antigens are called

  allergens
• Types of antigens


  Exogenous antigens, Endogenous antigens, Autoantigens
• Types of antigens that come from outside the body's cells

  Exogenous antigens
• Protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses that reproduce inside a body’s cells produce

  endogenous antigens
• Are also called 'self-antigen'


  autoantigens
• A phenomenon where the body prevent from mounting an immune response against itself


  self­tolerance
• Immunologists named the cluster of genes that code for these proteins


  major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
• Each MHC molecule has an ____ that lies between two polypeptides that make up an MHC


  antigen­binding groove
• Dendritic cells are so named because they have many long, thin cytoplasmic processes called 


  dendrites
• Because T cells act directly against antigens, T lymphocyte immune activities are called


  cell­mediated immune responses
• T cells account for about _% to _% of all lymphocytes in the blood.


  70% to 80%
• What are the three main types of T cells?


  cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells
• Type of T lymphocytes also known as CD8 positive (CD8+) cells


  cytotoxic T cells
• these lymphocytes directly kill other cells, such as those infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens.


  cytotoxic T cell
• These are also called are also called CD4 positive (CD4+) cells


  helper T cells
• They help regulate the activity of B cells and cytotoxic T cells during immune responses


  helper T cells
• What are the two types of helper T cells?

  type 1 helper T cells- assist cytotoxic T cells and stimulate and regulate innate immunity type 2 helper T cells - function in conjunction with B cells.
• previously known as suppressor T cells, by the presence of both CD4 and CD25 glycoproteins.


  regulatory T cells (Tr cells)
• The body eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes via clonal deletion


  clonal deletion
• programmed cell suicide


  apoptosis