Gas exchange

• Gas exchange-is the process where water vapor, and carbon dioxide

  leave and enters plant leaves during respiration and photosynthesis.
• Respiration- is process of taking up oxygen from air with simultaneous

  release of carbon dioxide together, while photosynthesis is where

  plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and

  release oxygen as the waste product.
• Ventilation- movement of the respiratory medium (air or

  water) over the respiratory surface.
• Adaptations of animals for gas exchange include respiratory pigments

  that bind and transport gases.
• The respiratory pigment of vertebrates is hemoglobin while that of

  invertebrates (e.g. arthropods and molluscs) is hemocyanin.
• Integumentary exchange- general body surface or skin used by

  animals with high surface-to-volume

  ratio; e.g. flatworm and earthworm
• External gills- used by invertebratesthat live in aquatic

  habitats;
• Tracheal system in arthropods- utilizes fine air-conducting tubules to provide gaseous

  exchange at the cellular level; it is not dependent on a

  circulatory system, e.g. insects,spiders.
• Absorption of water plus macronutrients

  and micronutrients through the root

  system is possible by diffusion.
• Plants Transport-Absorption of water through

  the roots
• Water molecules pass

  through the epidermis,

  cortex, endodermis and

  pericycle; then they move

  upwards by means of

  xylem vessels.
• Xylem - bring water and

  minerals extracted from the

  roots to the rest of the plant

  body.

  • Phloem - transports the food

  manufactured in the leaves to all

  parts of the plant
• Phloem cells transport substances such as products of

  photosynthesis, water and other compounds up and down

  the plant body
• Phloem tissues are adjacent to companion cells that give

  them support and nourishment.
• HUMAN RESPIRATORY

  SYSTEM-

  Air enters or leaves the respiratory

  system through nasal cavities where

  air is filtered by hair and cilia,

  warmed by blood vessels, and

  moistened with mucus.
• Diaphragm

  primary muscle - used in

  respiration, which is the process

  of breathing.
• Nasal

  cavity -

  functions to humidify, warm,

  filter, and act as a conduit for

  inspired air, as well as protect the

  respiratory tract through the use

  of the mucociliary sy
• Pharynx -

  serves both the respiratory and

  digestive systems by receiving

  air from the nasal cavity and air,

  food, and water from the oral

  cavity
• Trachea

  (windpipe) is a hollow, tube-like

  structure that runs from the

  larynx, or voice box, to the

  bronchi.
• LUNGS

  major organs of the respiratory

  system, and are divided into

  sections, or lobes. The right lung

  has three lobes and is slightly

  larger than the left lung, which

  has two lobes.
• Bronchi

  the two large tubes that carry air

  from your windpipe to your lungs.

  You have a left and right main

  bronchus in each lung. After the

  main bronchi, these tubes branch

  out into segments that look like

  tree branches
• Bronchioles

  air passages inside the lungs.

  They branch off like tree limbs

  from the bronchi
• Alveoli

  tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs

  located at the end of the

  bronchioles, the branch-like

  tubes in the lungs. The alveoli

  move oxygen and carbon dioxide

  (CO2) molecules into and out of

  your bloodstream.
• ASTHMA

  the muscles around bronchioles contract more than usual, increasing

  resistance to airflow.
• EMPHYSEMA

  an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory

  function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age.
• Smoking tobacco products is one

  of the leading global causes of

  death and is strongly linked to

  cancer, cardiovascular disease,

  stroke, and emphysema.
• PNEUMONIA

  is an infectious disease involving

  inflammation and fluid build up in

  the lungs.
• Human circulatory system works through diffusion
• Bulk flow

  • Distribution of blood throughout

  the human body
• Bulk flow - Movement of the blood from an

  area of high pressure to an area

  of low pressure through the action

  of the heart that pumps the blood

  and pressurizes it to flow.
• Bulk flow- This process allows a rapid transport

  of blood in all parts of the body.
• Excretion - Elimination of toxic and waste substances

  from the body of organisms
• Bacteria

  • uses the mechanism of osmosis to gain water and

  electrolyte balance, and excrete excess water, solute

  molecules, and wastes.
• Protists

  • uses contractile vacuoles to transport ammonia and

  other excretory wastes from the cytoplasm to the cell

  membrane, where the vacuole opens to the

  environment.