gen bio

• Seed Germination


  Process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure
• Monocot


  • One cotyledon ; only one seed leaf inside the seed coat ; often only a thin leaf
• Dicot


  • Two cotyledon ; two seed leaves inside the seed coat ; usually rounded and fat
• Petals


  Attract pollinators
• Sepal


  Protects the flower
• Stamen


  Male reproductive organ
• Pistil


  Female reproductive organ
• Filament


  Holds anther that contains pollen
• Vegetative Reproduction


  Growing without seeds ; occurs with roots, stems or leaves
• Runner


  • Horizontal above ground stems which grow at the soil surface that form adventitious roots (ex. Bermuda grass)
• Bulb


  • Short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function as food storage organs during dormancy (ex. Onion or tulip)
• Prop roots


  • Specialized plant parts that we see in mangrove or bakawan ; anchors or supports the mangrove
• Rhizome


  • Specialized stem that serves as storage of starch and proteins for perennial growth (ex. Fern)
• Bougainvillea leaves


  • Colorful specialized leaves that may be seen in white, pink or yellow shade to attract pollinators
• Tuber


  • Swollen fleshy underground stem (ex. Potato)
• Functions of Shoot System

  • Photosynthesis
  • Transport of food and water
  • Reproduction
  • Storage
• Functions of Root System

  • Anchorage
  • Absorption of water and minerals
  • Transport of food and water
• Taproot


  • Plants has a main taproot that is larger and grows faster than the branch roots
• Fibrous root


  • All roots about the same size
• Adventitious root


  • Roots that form on any plant part other than the roots
• Xylem


  Transport water and nutrients in the plant
• Phloem


  Transport foods in all parts of the plants
• Dermal tissue system


  • Found in the outermost layer of the plant made up of a single layer of cells called the epidermis
• Vascular tissue system


  • Transports materials between roots and shoot systems ; functions in providing mechanical support to the plant
• Ground tissue system


  • Composed of tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular ; has roles in photosynthesis, storage and support for plants
• Sexual reproduction

  Generation of genetically varied offspring from two parents
• Asexual reproduction


  When a produced offspring is genetically identical to the sole parent
• Fertilization


  Union of sperm and egg
• Budding


  Occurs when a new individual forms as an outgrowth from any part of a living individual
• Fission


  In which a parent individual divides itself into two to produce another individual
• Fragmentation


  Separation of an individual into pieces
• Regeneration


  Forming new individuals from the pieces in fragmentation
• External fertilization


  Used by aquatic animals ; male and female individuals release their gametes in the environment where fertilization occurs
• Internal fertilization


  Utilized by terrestrial organisms ; sperm should be near the egg inside the female reproductive tract ; involves copulation (sexual intercourse)
• Ovary


  Where the egg cells are produced ; female gonad
• Ovulation


  Monthly release of eggs ; starts at puberty and ends with menopause
• Uterus


  Where pregnancy occurs ; where zygote develops into an embryo and later into a fetus
• Cervix


  Forms the neck of the uterus found at its base
• Vagina


  Receives sperm during copulation ; canal where the fetus is delivered during birth
• Vulva


  All parts of the female external genitalia