Child with Cardiovascular Disorder

• Tetralogy of Fallot


  A congenital heart defect characterized by four structural defects: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
• Megan


  • Newborn
  • Developed rapid respirations, tachycardia, and cyanosis within 1 hour of birth
  • Echocardiogram revealed typical four structural defects of tetralogy of Fallot
• Megan's parents will be taking her home for a month to await cardiac surgery
• Previous chapters described the growth and development of well children
• This chapter adds information about the child who is ill with a cardiovascular disorder and the stress that such a serious diagnosis places on families
• Acyanotic heart disease


  Heart defects that do not cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin)
• Afterload


  The resistance against which the ventricles must pump
• Balloon angioplasty


  A procedure to open narrowed blood vessels using a balloon-tipped catheter
• Cardiac catheterization


  A procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is inserted into a blood vessel and threaded to the heart to diagnose or treat a heart condition
• Congestive heart failure


  A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
• Contractility


  The ability of the ventricles to stretch and the force of contraction generated by the myocardial muscle
• Cyanosis


  Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by insufficient oxygenation of the blood
• Cyanotic heart disease


  Heart defects that cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin)
• Diastole


  The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
• Innocent heart murmur


  A heart murmur that is not associated with any structural heart defect
• Left-to-right shunt


  Blood flow from the left side of the heart to the right side, bypassing the lungs
• Organic heart murmur


  A heart murmur caused by structural abnormalities of the heart
• Polycythemia


  An increase in the number of red blood cells
• Postcardiac surgery syndrome


  A constellation of symptoms that can occur after cardiac surgery, including fever, chest pain, and pericardial effusion
• Postperfusion syndrome


  A constellation of symptoms that can occur after cardiopulmonary bypass, including fever, mental status changes, and coagulation abnormalities
• Preload


  The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
• Right-to-left shunt


  Blood flow from the right side of the heart to the left side, bypassing the lungs
• Systole


  The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
• Vasculitis


  Inflammation of the blood vessels
• Congenital heart disorders


  • May have a polygenic inheritance pattern
  • Often occur in conjunction with renal disease
  • Occur as an anomaly in chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome
• Innocent murmur


  A functional, insignificant or normal variation of heart sound that is not important
• Innocent murmurs


  • Do not turn into serious murmurs
  • Activities need not be restricted
  • Require no more frequent health appraisals than other children
• Organic murmur


  A murmur caused by heart disease or congenital defect
• Differentiating innocent from organic murmurs

  Describe the murmur's position in cardiac cycle, duration, quality, pitch, intensity, location, presence of thrill, response to exercise/position
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  A written record of the electrical voltages generated by the contracting heart
• ECG


  • Provides information about heart rate, rhythm, myocardial state, hypertrophy, ischemia/necrosis, conduction abnormalities, effects of drugs/electrolytes
• Echocardiography


  Uses ultrasound to locate and study the movement and dimensions of cardiac structures
• Echocardiography does not use x-rays so it can be repeated frequently without radiation exposure
• Yes


  Indicates the correct answer
• No


  Indicates the incorrect answer
• Exercise


  Physical activity
• 5 mm
• 0.5 mV
• 0.2 sec
• 1. T


  Segment on an ECG