PR1

• Research Design- reflects the strategic decisions of the investigator in how one plans to go about the study. allows researchers to obtain evidences that really address the research problem logically and as wambigously as possible.
• research questions which will dictate on the type of data you will need and evidence you will gother.
• literature review which will bring you insights on how researchers approached the phenomenon under study before.
• Population the bigger group from where you choose the sample
• Sampling Frame the term used to mean the list of the members of such population from where the sample will be taken.
• Probability or Unbiased Sampling

  involves all members listed in the sampling frame presenting a certain papulation focused on by the study.
• Sampling Error will occur if the selection does not take place in the away it is planned. can be manifested by strong dissimilarity between sample and the que listed in the sample frame.

  -can be manifested by strong dissimilarity between sample and the que listed in the sample frame.
• Sample size depends on whether or not the group is heterogeneous or homogeneous
• TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

  Simple Random Sampling

  Stratified Sampling

  Systematic Sampling

  Cluster sampling
• Simple Random Sampling best type of probability sampling through which you can choose sample from a population.
• Systematic Sampling chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample.
• Stratified Sampling the group compromising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage
• Cluster Sampling a probability sampling that makes the researchers isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members.
• Non probability Sampling this disregards random selection of subjects
• Quota Sampling researchers choose sample members possessing on indicating the characteristics of the target population.
• Voluntary Sampling the subject participating in the sample selection are the ones yolunteering.
• Purposive or Judgemental Sampling researchers choose people whom are sure to corresponds the objectives of the study.
• Availability Sampling the willingness of a person as your subject to interact with the researener cants a lot in this non-probability sampling method.
• Snowball Sampling this sampling method does not give a specific set of samples.
• TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: Quota Purposive Voluntary Availability Snowball
• OBSERVATION watch, interact with the participants to gather data; can be subjective, thus making it inferior to other techniques
• Types of Observation

  Participants and Non participants
• Participant Observation takes part of the activity; actual involvement

  To record the findings, use the diary method or logbook
• First Part descriptive observation (describes the object focused on the research)
• Non participant Observation researchers simply watch and listen from the target observation
• Second Part narrative account (reflection of everything observed)
• Overt observation involves openly observing and recording behaviors, interactions, or phenomena without attempting to conceal the researcher's presence or purpose.
• Covert observation involves secretly observing and recording behaviors, interactions, or phenomena without the participants' knowledge or consent.
• Overt Observation the researcher openly informs the store manager and staff about the research study and obtains their permission to observe customer service interactions.
• Covert Observation without informing the store manager or staff, the researcher enters the retail store as a regular customer and secretly observes customer service interactions.
• Direct Observation the researcher or observer directly observes and records behaviors, interactions, or phenomena as they occur in real-time.
• Indirect Observation the researcher or observer does not directly interact with or observe the subject being studied. Instead, they rely on indirect sources of information or data collected by others.
• Continuous monitoring involves observing and recording behaviors, interactions, and activities over an extended period without interruption. This method is commonly used in behavioral psychology to study human behavior in natural settings such as shopping malls, playgrounds, homes, or classrooms.
• Spot sampling, also known as scan sampling or time sampling, involves recording observations at specific moments or intervals rather than continuously. This method allows researchers to capture snapshots of behavior and activities, making it suitable for studying behaviors that occur intermittently or unpredictably.
• Time Allocation researchers record the behavior or activity that individuals are engaged in at specific times, regardless of their location. For example, researchers may observe and record what children are doing every 10 minutes during recess.
• Experience sampling involves recording individuals' responses to questions about their present activities, companions, feelings, etc., at random or predetermined times throughout the day or week. This method provides insights into individuals' subjective experiences and perceptions in real-time.
• Structured interviews involve asking predetermined questions in a standardized format.
• Semi-structured interviews combine predetermined questions with flexibility for follow-up questions and probing.
• Unstructured interviews are open-ended and flexible, with no predetermined set of questions
• Individual Interview one respondent is interviewed; possible reason for this is the lack of trust the interviewees have among themselves; time consuming